Quiz
Biology Module 3
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Questions in this quiz (25)
1[blank_start]Diversity[blank_end] - the state of being diverse
[blank_start]Abundance[blank_end] - a very large quantity of something
[blank_start]Biome[blank_end] - is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in.- ADiversity
- BAbundance
- CBiome
2Natural selection comes into play when [blank_start]organisms[blank_end] in an environment are subjected to [blank_start]SELECTION PRESSURES[blank_end]. That is, a change in environment often results in some resources becoming [blank_start]LIMITED[blank_end], and individuals have to compete for these limited [blank_start]resources[blank_end].
- ASELECTION PRESSURES
- BLIMITED
- Cresources
- Dorganisms
3Examples of environmental selection pressures:
[blank_start]Abiotic[blank_end] - temperature, light intensity, soil type, water availability, gas concentration in water, rainfall, etc.
[blank_start]Biotic[blank_end] - competition between species, predators, availability of prey, number of mates, prevalence of disease, etc.- AAbiotic
- BBiotic
4The environment includes all living and nonliving things in our surrounding:
[blank_start]Abiotic features[blank_end]: temperature, rainfall, wind, light intensity, day length and humidity
Chemical features such as pH of the soil or water, salinity in the soil/water, and availability of ions or gases
Nesting materials, landforms, soil type, water drainage
[blank_start]Biotic features[blank_end] include all living things, members of the same species and members of other species
Nesting site, predators, food sources, disease causing pathogens or decomposers
Aquatic (Living in water) or terrestrial (living on land) aquatic environments are subdivided into [blank_start]freshwater[blank_end] and marine salt water environments.
[blank_start]Estuarine environments[blank_end]: freshwater meets sea, high fluctuation in salt levels with high salinity when the tide comes in and low salinity when the tide goes out
Abiotic characteristics of [blank_start]marine environments[blank_end]: Viscosity, buoyancy, pressure, temperature, variation, availability of gases, water and ions, and light penetration
[blank_start]Viscosity[blank_end] refers the thickness of the medium: air or water.
Ability to resist internal movement through it. Water is more viscous than air so many water animals are more streamlined so they can move rapidly
[blank_start]Buoyancy[blank_end]: the force giving an upward thrust.
Air provides little upthrust, so more terrestrial organisms need a skeleton or some means to support their own weight
[blank_start]Pressure[blank_end] is the force exerted on a body by its medium.
The higher the altitude, the lower the pressure
[blank_start]Temperature variation[blank_end] is important as many chemical reactions in the body are temperature dependant;
if the temperature rises too high, enzymes denature and if the temperature drops too low, enzymes become inactive
The availability of oxygen, eg oxygen and carbon dioxide, and ions, eg nitrates, phosphates, calcium ions will determine whether a particular environment is suitable for a specific species.
Gases are more readily available in air than in water.
Diffusion in air is about [blank_start]10,000[blank_end] times faster than through the water
Availability of water is a major concern for animals and plants on land and in water
[blank_start]Light penetration[blank_end] is especially important for plants for photosynthesis
A biome is one of the world’s major ecosystems usually named after the dominant vegetation of the area.
The abiotic features of the ocean biomes, e.g temperature, amount of evaporation and wind patterns influence the world climate and all other biomes.
[blank_start]Thermal energy[blank_end] in sunlight warms surface water
Pressure in water increases with depth
Ten metres the pressure is twice that of surface air pressure
The photic zone is the region where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis.
The aphotic zone is where there is no light
When light enters water the long wavelengths are preferentially absorbed
Red, orange, and yellow can only penetrate short differences while the shorter wavelengths blue and violet can penetrate further
Blue light is not strongly absorbed by water
The amount of green in the colour of oceanic water indicates the amount of chlorophyll (phytoplankton)
Availability of light affects distribution of aquatic organisms
[blank_start]Rain shadow effect[blank_end]: the great dividing range down the east coast creates a rain shadow effect making inland australia much drier than the coastal regions
[blank_start]El Nino[blank_end]: extensive warming of the eastern pacific ocean that changes the weather pattern for many countries, including australia. Both el nino and la nina are associated with a change in the air surface pressure in the western pacific known as the southern oscillation and are called el nino/la nina southern oscillation phenomenon
El nino is warm weather in the eastern pacific and high air surface in the western pacific
La nina is cold water in the eastern pacific and low air surface pressure in the western pacific
El nino brings drier conditions for the southeastern states in australia. Is begins with warm water in the eastern tropical pacific ocean near peru that causes weaker than normal easterly trade winds. La nina leads to higher rainfall in australia.
[blank_start]Evolution[blank_end]: change in a population over time
Biological evolution occurs when there is a natural selection pressure for a particular characteristic that increases the chances of survival in a changing environment.
Mechanism for evolution is [blank_start]natural selection[blank_end]. Within a population individuals are characterised by a variety of inherited traits. In a changing environment, some of these traits will provide an advantage
Individuals with these traits will survive, breed, and pass down this trait to their offsprings, so that over time the trait becomes more common in the population; the population will evolve.
Biotic factors include all living things. This involves relationships with members of the same species and with other species.
Abiotic factors are nonliving factors including those that relate to a climate such as temperature, rainfall, wind, light intensity, day length, and humidity.
[blank_start]Competition for resources[blank_end], especially against introduced species, can lead to extinction of species native to the environment.
Predator is an organism that feeds on a living species.
Grass eaters: predators
Things that eat little phytoplankton: Predators
Things that eat these things: predators.
[blank_start]Symbiosis[blank_end] refers to a relationship where organisms of two different species live together in direct contrast
These relationships can benefit both species in mutualism, or one species benefits and the host is neither harmed nor helped in commensalism or one species, the parasite benefits and lives on the host is harmed in parasitism
[blank_start]Lichens[blank_end] are a relationship between a fungus and either a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium in a relationship that both are dependent on each other for survival in their terrestrial environment
Nitrogen fixing Rhizobium bacteria form root nodules on the roots of many leguminous plants in a mutualistic relationship helping the plant grow in nitrogen poor soil.
[blank_start]Epiphytes[blank_end] are plants that grow attached to another plant using it for position and support and do not obtain nutrients or water directly from the host in a commensal relationship
[blank_start]Endoparasites[blank_end] live within the host like tapeworms, exoparasites feed on the surface of the host
A [blank_start]Disease[blank_end] is any condition that impairs or interferes with the normal functioning of the body
A [blank_start]pathogen[blank_end] is a disease causing parasite that lives on or in a host. These include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and single celled eukaryotes
Distribution and abundance of a species is determined by physical and and chemical nature of the environment. Each ecosystem can be described by its rainfall and temperature
Change in physical conditions such as temperature will act as a selection pressure for evolution,
A change in the [blank_start]chemical conditions[blank_end] in the environment can have a marked effect on plant life. Many plants prefer a certain soil type, due to mining in an area, plant varieties have evolved to be especially tolerant to mineral wastes.
The use of [blank_start]insecticides[blank_end] and antibiotics by humans has led to the evolution of resistant varieties
[blank_start]Soil Salinity[blank_end]: salt content of the soil. Salination can be caused by several processes, e.g mineral weathering and extensive irrigation- AAbiotic features
- BSoil Salinity
- CEvolution
- DEstuarine environments
- Emarine environments
- F10,000
- GBuoyancy
- HLight penetration
- IBiotic features
- JViscosity
- KRain shadow effect
- Lchemical conditions
- Minsecticides
- Nfreshwater
- OPressure
- PTemperature variation
- QEpiphytes
- REndoparasites
- SDisease
- Tpathogen
- UThermal energy
- Vnatural selection
- WCompetition for resources
- XEl Nino
- YLichens
- ZSymbiosis
5Tipping the balance of the delicate food chain, an [blank_start]introduced[blank_end] species can affect an ecosystem in a number of ways. An introduced [blank_start]predator[blank_end], may eventually make its prey species extinct as the predator reproduces and over popularizes, leading to the extinction of the species which it eats. This means that others which consume this prey will dwindle in population due to the species extinction.
- Aintroduced
- Bpredator
6An [blank_start]invasive[blank_end] species is detrimental to an environment when the environment’s characteristics are particularly beneficial to the invasive species
- Ainvasive
7If [blank_start]selection pressures[blank_end] change, individuals with the most suitable characteristics ([blank_start]traits[blank_end]) will survive and reproduce. Those who do not, will eventually fail to reproduce and may die out. Over time, the number of individuals in the population with successful adaptations to the changed conditions will increase. Hence, there is a change in species [blank_start]DIVERSITY[blank_end].
- Aselection pressures
- Btraits
- CDIVERSITY
8[blank_start]Gondwana[blank_end] was a supercontinent that existed from the Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) until the Carboniferous (about [blank_start]320[blank_end] million years ago).
- AGondwana
- B320
9More individuals are produced each generation that can [blank_start]survive[blank_end]. Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable. Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the [blank_start]environment[blank_end] will survive.
- Asurvive
- Benvironment
10[blank_start]convergent evolution[blank_end]: the process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar body forms, coloration, organs, and adaptations.
[blank_start]divergent evolution[blank_end]: the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species
[blank_start]species diversity:[blank_end] the number of different species that are represented in a given community
[blank_start]species abundance[blank_end]: the number of individuals per species
[blank_start]Adaptations[blank_end]: a mutation, or genetic change, that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive in its environment.
The action or process of adapting or being adapted.- Aconvergent evolution
- Bdivergent evolution
- Cspecies diversity:
- Dspecies abundance
- EAdaptations
11[blank_start]Nocturnal[blank_end]: Active at night
[blank_start]Diurnal[blank_end]: Active during day
[blank_start]Crepuscular[blank_end]: Resembling or relating to twilight
[blank_start]Ectothermic[blank_end]: an organism in which internal physiological sources of heat are of relatively small or quite negligible importance in controlling body temperature.
[blank_start]Endothermic[blank_end]: the process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat.
[blank_start]Arboreal[blank_end]: Living in trees
[blank_start]Terrestrial[blank_end]: Living on the earth
[blank_start]Prehensile[blank_end]: Capable of grasping- ANocturnal
- BDiurnal
- CCrepuscular
- DEctothermic
- EEndothermic
- FArboreal
- GTerrestrial
- HPrehensile
12[blank_start]Common ancestor[blank_end]: a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.
[blank_start]Comparative anatomy[blank_end]: the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.
[blank_start]Comparative biochemistry[blank_end]: the study of the similarities and differences between different living organisms; of their biological and physiological chemistry.
[blank_start]Homologous structure[blank_end]: an organ or bone that appears in different animals, underlining anatomical commonalities demonstrating descent from a common ancestor.
[blank_start]Microevolution[blank_end]: evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.
[blank_start]Macroevolution[blank_end]: major evolutionary change, especially with regard to the evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time.
[blank_start]Convergent evolution[blank_end]: the process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar body forms, coloration, organs, and adaptations.
[blank_start]Divergent evolution[blank_end]: the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species
[blank_start]Evolutionary distinctiveness[blank_end]: a measure of how isolated a species is on it's family tree
[blank_start]Conservation status:[blank_end] The conservation status of a group of organisms (for instance, a species) indicates whether the group still exists and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future.- ACommon ancestor
- BComparative anatomy
- CComparative biochemistry
- DHomologous structure
- EMicroevolution
- FMacroevolution
- GConvergent evolution
- HDivergent evolution
- IEvolutionary distinctiveness
- JConservation status:
13An adaptation is any feature or characteristic which helps an organism survive in its environment.
They can be classified as either STRUCTURAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL or BEHAVIOURAL.
[blank_start]STRUCTURAL[blank_end] adaptations are those concerned with the [blank_start]anatomy[blank_end] of the organism - the size, shape or appearance of its body or part of its body. Examples include skin colour for camouflage or leaf size to maximise sunlight capture.
[blank_start]PHYSIOLOGICAL[blank_end] adaptations are those involved with the internal functioning of the body’s [blank_start]metabolism or physiology[blank_end] at a cellular, tissue, organ or system level. Examples include dormancy in winter for some plants or animals living in the desert who reduce water loss by excreting high concentrations of urine.
[blank_start]BEHAVIOURAL[blank_end] are those concerned with how an organism [blank_start]behaves[blank_end] - how it moves around or acts. Some animals dig a burrow to stay cool and acoid intense heat. Some plants follow the movement of the sun across the sky.- ASTRUCTURAL
- BPHYSIOLOGICAL
- CBEHAVIOURAL
- Dbehaves
- Emetabolism or physiology
- Fanatomy
14[blank_start]Dogs[blank_end] have evolved from grey wolves. The taming of grey wolves into [blank_start]domestic[blank_end] animals was a result of human influence. People forced the breeding of wolves with characteristics they prefered, so that the more feral wolves died out, and the population evolved.
All living things have a [blank_start]common[blank_end] ancestor.
Lamarck’s ideas of a mechanism was not accurate because some traits acquired during life are NOT passed on. For example, if you lift weights and become muscular, your offspring will not have these muscular traits. If you have plastic surgery during your lifetime, the changes made are NOT passed on to your offspring.
Darwin observed that the species of bird found on each island varied based on the characteristics of the [blank_start]environment[blank_end]. The characteristics of the environment, called an “[blank_start]ecological niche[blank_end]”, guided the adaptation of the physical traits of the many species all diverged from one ancestor. This ancestor [blank_start]diverged[blank_end] into many species, evolving in different ways to fit the environments in which they lived. This process of rapid evolution based on a new environment is known as “adaptive radiation”.
[blank_start]Natural Selection[blank_end] can be defined as the process by which certain members of a population that are more suited than others to prevailing environmental conditions, survive and reproduce.- ADogs
- Bdomestic
- Ccommon
- Denvironment
- Eecological niche
- Fdiverged
- GNatural Selection
15If more distantly related species (which diverged from a common ancestor further back in time) show similarities, this could be a result of having moved into similar [blank_start]environments[blank_end] - they would have been exposed to similar selective [blank_start]pressures[blank_end] and so natural selection could account for them evolving to become [blank_start]similar[blank_end]. THIS IS TERMED [blank_start]CONVERGENT EVOLUTION[blank_end]
- ACONVERGENT EVOLUTION
- Benvironments
- Cpressures
- Dsimilar
16Therefore the Darwin-Wallace Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection and isolation can account for both divergent and convergent evolution: the organisms in a changed or new environment are under pressure to [blank_start]survive[blank_end]. The environment selects certain variants within a population that have a trait that gives them a better chance of survival. When resources in the environment become [blank_start]limited[blank_end], those individuals with favourable traits (adaptations) survive, reproduce and pass on their characteristics.
- Asurvive
- Blimited
17[blank_start]Gradualism[blank_end]: This was proposed by Darwin in his Theory of Natural Selection which suggests that populations SLOWLY [blank_start]diverge[blank_end] by accumulating changes in characteristics due to different selection pressures. This pattern of evolutionary change suggests that [blank_start]transitional[blank_end] forms should exist. Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an [blank_start]ancestral[blank_end] formand that of its descendants. There are numerous examples of transitional forms in the fossil record. Examples of fossils that show gradualism include the trilobites, a group of marine invertebrates.
[blank_start]Punctuated equilibrium[blank_end]: This theory is different to gradualism as it proposes that evolution occurs in short bursts of [blank_start]rapid[blank_end] change, followed by long periods of stability within populations. This theory was put forward in 1970’s based on fossil evidence.- AGradualism
- BPunctuated equilibrium
- Cdiverge
- Dtransitional
- Eancestral
- Frapid
18[blank_start]Accumulation[blank_end]: the acquisition or gradual gathering of something.
[blank_start]Microevolution[blank_end]: takes place over shorter periods and results in changes within a population, but it generally does NOT produce new species. New forms may be termed varieties or races. Much like species arriving via divergent evolution. E.g New breeds of dogs (they are still all the same species); the horse - it is significant as it shows branching evolution and there is an abundance of evidence.
[blank_start]Macroevolution[blank_end]: takes place over millions of years, measured in geological time, resulting in new species arising (or even new families, orders = speciation). E.g Platypus - it is significant as the modern platypus is more specialised than its ancestors although evidence is limited; evolution of mammals or the history of life on Earth are examples
[blank_start]Microevolutionary[blank_end] changes - changes within a species or small group of organisms, usually over a short period of time
[blank_start]Speciation[blank_end]: the formation of a new and distant species in evolution.- AAccumulation
- BMicroevolution
- CMacroevolution
- DMicroevolutionary
- ESpeciation
19[blank_start]Biochemical[blank_end] evidence: shows that all living things have proteins and DNA and when comparing these molecules, the more closely related organisms have similar DNA or proteins. Biochemical evidence includes amino acid sequencing , DNA-DNA hybridisation and DNA sequencing.
[blank_start]Comparative anatomy[blank_end]: is the study of the similarities and differences in the structure (anatomy) of living organisms.
[blank_start]Comparative embryology[blank_end]: is the comparison of the developmental stages (embryonic development) of different species.
[blank_start]Biogeography[blank_end]: is the study of geographical distribution of both living and extinct organisms.- ABiochemical
- BComparative anatomy
- CComparative embryology
- DBiogeography
20[blank_start]Palaeontology[blank_end] is the branch of science concerned with fossilised animals and plants.
[blank_start]Fossilisation[blank_end] is the preservation of the hardened remains or traces of organisms in rock formations.- APalaeontology
- BFossilisation
21What process does this image depict?
- AGiving up on achieving anything in life and sinking into the ground to sleep for eternity
- BNecrophilia
- CPessimism
- DFossilisation
22What are the types of fossils?
- APosh, Scary, Sporty, Baby, Ginger
- BImpression, Mineralised, Trace, Mummified
- CPifwe, Kfgrtgerh, Wehrtdjt, Erhjrg
- DMexican, Anglican, Ben Shapiro, Olivia Newton John
23[blank_start]Relative[blank_end] dating - relies on the assumption that fossils found up higher in rock [blank_start]strata[blank_end] (layers) are younger than the lower fossils, hence the fossils are dated relative to one another. The ACTUAL age cannot be determined this way. Absolute dating provides a precise estimate of [blank_start]age[blank_end].
- ARelative
- Bstrata
- Cage
24Over time we get an [blank_start]INCREASE[blank_end] in complexity of organisms. The most simplest organisms are the oldest fossils and are laid down deepest in the oldest layers of rock. The more modern day organisms like mammals and bird are in the youngest layers (Law of [blank_start]superposition[blank_end]).
Some species appear later in the fossil layers which suggests they evolved later, like [blank_start]humans[blank_end].
On the reverse side, the fossil record shows the disappearance of some organisms - they do not appear in younger rock.- AINCREASE
- Bsuperposition
- Chumans
25Many sick people are present in an hospital environment, increasing the risk of the spread of germs, despite the high [blank_start]sanitation[blank_end] standard of hospitals. Some strands of S. Aureus are resistant to [blank_start]methicillin[blank_end], the antibiotic used to treat the disease. As a result of its immunity to treatment in an area in abundance of people, [blank_start]S. Aureus[blank_end] is very common in hospitals. S. Aureus’ resistance to certain antibiotics is a result of [blank_start]natural selection[blank_end]; the use of antibiotics on the bacteria overtime eliminated the strands of dna that were not [blank_start]immune[blank_end], leaving all remaining bacteria to be immune. This shows the risks of developing more and more potent [blank_start]antibiotics[blank_end]. While potent antibiotics can be used to effectively treat someone with an illness caused by bacteria, the overuse of potent antibiotics overtime will result in bacteria evolving to be resistant, rendering the potent antibiotic useless. This will mean that common diseases may not be able to be treated with antibiotics in the future, and society could regress back to its stage in sanitation technology where washing your hands is the only thing preventing you contracting the common cold and dying a terrible death.
- Asanitation
- Bmethicillin
- CS. Aureus
- Dnatural selection
- Eimmune
- Fantibiotics
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- Biology Quiz on Biology Module 3, created by Joel Fitzgibbons on 02/09/2018.
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- Joel Fitzgibbons
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