Quiz
2515 Final
This quiz has question types that open in the usual player.
Questions in this quiz (200)
1Skinner stated that behavior (including human behavior) resulted from _________________.
- AGenes
- BSelf-determination
- CBoth Genes and Environment
- DEnvironment
2Learning refers to
- AThe acquisition of behavior
- BThe maintenance of behavior
- CThe change in behavior as a result of events
- Dall of these
3_______ is the alteration (or maintenance) of an organism’s behaviour due to ________.
- ALearning; lifetime events
- BCulture; social norms
- Cbehaviour; causes
- DEvolution; genes
4Which of the following statements is not a key assumption of behavior analysis?
- AFeelings, thoughts, and intentions are possible causes of behavior
- BPrinciples of behavior discovered by experimental analyses of behavior are general and apply to all forms of animal life
- CBehavior is a product of the organism’s past and current interactions with its environment
- DBehavior is a product of the organism’s biological and evolutionary history
5Variability within a species is key to the survival of the species because:
- Agenetic variability allows species to evolve in order to be better species
- Bgenetic variability allows a species to survive changes in the environment
- Cgenetic variability allows an organism to respond to changes to their environment
- Dwithout variability the species would never become the "fittest" species
6Ontogeny refers to:
- Aa species learning history
- Ban organism's evolutionary history
- Can organisms genetic endowments
- Dan organism's learning history
7A _______ is behavior that is elicited by a biologically relevant stimulus while a/an ______ is behavior controlled by its consequences.
- AOperant; respondent
- BRespondent; voluntary
- CReflex; respondent
- DReflex; operant
8The experimental analysis of behavior is:
- AConcerned with the principle of reinforcement
- BAll of these
- CConcerned with controlling and changing factors that affect behavior
- DA natural-science approach to understanding behavior regulation
9Behaviour analysis (and evolution) is based on which of the following ideas:
- Aselectionism
- Bcreating a better organism
- Csurvival of the fittest
- Dradical behaviourism
10The problem with astrology and other primitive accounts of behavior is:
- AThey are not objectively verifiable
- BThey are not replicable
- CThey are not scientifically valid
- DAll of the above
11The behavior of an organism:
- AFocuses only on overt actions that can be measured by an outsider
- BIncludes the behaviors of organisms around the target organism
- CIs everything an organism does, including thinking and feeling
- DIs everything an organism does, including biological processes such as digestion
12How are thinking and feeling treated from a behavioral perspective?
- AThe cause of overt behavior
- BMore behavior to be explained
- CThe mind and its regulation of behavior
- DThe relationship between the mental and the physical
13Phylogeny refers to:
- Athe evolutionary history of a species
- Bthe genetics of a species
- Cthe learning history of an organism
- Dthe evolutionary history of an organism
14Skinner’s model of selection by consequences assumes that behavior:
- ATends to vary only in frequency, not in form
- BTypically occurs the same way each time
- CNaturally varies in form and frequency
- DVaries across species, but is rigid within a species
15Which of the following best describes the behavior analyst position on learning and inheritance?
- AOur behavior is an even balance between genetic influence and environmental experience
- BLearning is limited to the behaviors that we inherit
- CGenes determine physiological structure, while learning determines behavioral structure
- DThe capacity for learning is inherited
16Selection by consequences occurs at three levels. What are these?
- AArtificial selection, culture, and linguistic selection
- BNatural selection, artificial selection, and cultural selection
- CArtificial selection, natural selection, and linguistic selection
- DNatural selection, behavior selection, and cultural selection
17Analysis of behavior becomes experimental when it involves:
- AThe observation of behavior
- BA component of learning
- CThe organism changing its behavior
- DThe manipulation of a condition to see how behavior is affected
18According to Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968), what is the difference between basic and applied behavior analysis?
- ABasic research is done with rats and pigeons
- Bnone of these
- CApplied research is done with humans
- DBasic research is likely to look at any behavior and any variable, and applied research looks at variables that could improve behavior
19Which of the following statements best describes the goals of behavior analysis?
- ATo explain how human thought, feeling, and intention both influence behavior and are influenced by behavior and then to use this understanding to develop technologies to influence how people think and feel.
- BDescribe the principles and rules of behavior, apply them across species, and develop technologies for behavior change
- CTo explain the forces that shape human behavior and then to use these explanations to develop behavior management techniques for humans
- DWork with already established principles and rules of behavior, apply them across species, and develop behavior management techniques
20Response hierarchies:
- Acategorize which behaviour comes first, second, and third in a sequence of responses.
- Bcategorizes responses in terms of which are likely to occur vs which are least likely to occur in a given scenario
- Ccategorize which response class comes first, second, and third in a sequence of responses.
- Dcategorizes response classes in terms of which are likely to occur vs which are least likely to occur in a given scenario.
21In functional analysis, positive and negative reinforcers are examples of:
- AConditioned stimuli
- BUnconditioned stimuli
- CStimulus classes
- DResponse classes
22The variable manipulated by the experimenter is the ____ and the measured effect is the ______.
- ADependent; independent
- BIndependent; extraneous
- CIndependent; dependent
- DExtraneous; dependent
23In terms of the reversal design and behavioral experiments:
- AThe B-phase is the experimental manipulation
- BThe design is used in single-subject experiments
- CAll of these
- DThe A-phase is called the baseline
24A(n) _________ refers to all of the forms of a behavior that have a similar function.
- AResponse
- Breinforcement history
- CResponse class
- DRespondent
25When stimuli vary physically but have a common effect on behavior they are part of the same _______.
- Astimulus response
- Breinforcement class
- Cenvironment
- Dstimulus class
26A behavior analytic explanation of the Stroop effect would likely rely on:
- AResponse competition between the multiple elements of the stimulus
- BA conflict between automatic reading and the meaning of the word
- CCompetition for limited cognitive resources
- DA failure of selective attention
27A researcher examined the possibility that additional recess time would increase the number of math facts learned over a one-month period. The procedure tested this hypothesis using a first-grade classroom with extended recess time and a second-grade classroom with regular recess time. In this study, the amount of recess time would be considered:
- AThe independent variable
- BThe research hypothesis
- CA confound
- DThe dependent variable
28A researcher examined the possibility that additional recess time would increase the number of math facts learned over a one-month period. The procedure tested this hypothesis using a first-grade classroom with extended recess time and a second-grade classroom with regular recess time. In this study, the number of math facts learned over one month would be considered the:
- AA confound
- BThe research hypothesis
- CThe dependent variable
- DThe independent variable
29Refers to the what behavior looks like.
- AMagnitude
- BDuration
- CRate
- DTopography
30Refers to the length of time in which someone engages in a response.
- ADuration
- BRate
- CTopography
- DLatency
31Lets say I wanted to measure how hard a rat is pressing the lever. What would I be measuring?
- ALatency
- BTopography
- CRate
- DMagnitude/Intensity
32I need to measure how many times a monkey presses a key each minute. What would I be measuring?
- ATopography
- BLatency
- CRate
- DMagnitude
33Frank tested the effect of posted signs on recycling behavior by: (1) observing how much waste was recycled in a normal week, (2) posting signs that encouraged recycling for a week, and (3) removing the signs and observing for a final week. What type of research design would this be?
- AA-B reversal design
- BA-B-A reversal design
- CA-B-A-B reversal design
- DBetween groups design
34Functional analysis involves classifying behavior according to _____, and analyzing the environment in terms of _______.
- AConsequences; response functions
- BResponse functions; stimulus functions
- CAttributes; consequences
- DStimulus functions; attributes
35A unique benefit of steady baselines for behavioral neuroscientists interested in the effects of drugs on behavior is that:
- AThey allow for the detection of effects of small doses of a drug
- BThey allow researchers to feel more confident about findings
- CThey help to demonstrate a causal relation between variables
- DThey demonstrate experimental control
36A confounding variable is something that you
- Ameasure
- Bstrengthen so it doesn't have to rely on other variables
- Cmanipulate
- Deliminate as a possible cause of behavior
37What defines a contingency of reinforcement?
- ADiscriminative stimulus
- BOperant
- CReinforcement
- DAll of these
38Shaping of behaviour involves:
- AThe molding of a response class by the physical arrangement of the operant chamber
- BReinforcing closer and closer approximations to the terminal behaviour
- CWithholding and giving food for correct performance of a specified level of response
- Dd. None of the above
39In terms of response stereotypes, variability, and reinforcement, the work by Barry Schwartz shows that reinforcement can produce _____ patterns of behavior while the work of Neuringer and colleagues indicates that reinforcement can produce ________.
- AResponse variability; stereotyped
- BStereotyped; response stability
- CResponse stability; response variability
- DStereotyped; response variability
40Shaping is a procedure that involves two basic principles, namely:
- Adifferential positive reinforcement and extinction
- Bcontinuous reinforcement and instructions
- Creinforcer sampling and Premack principle
- Dintermittent reinforcement and extinction
41Laura would like to shape the “tidiness” of her husband, who always leaves his clothes in a pile on the floor at the end of the day instead of throwing them in the clothes hamper, which is in the laundry room. She begins by providing him with lavish praise and offering to make him a nice dinner when he puts his clothes in a heap in the laundry room rather than in a heap on the bedroom floor. Now, he is consistently putting his clothes in a heap in the laundry room. Next, she plans to provide praise and a nice dinner only if her husband sorts his laundry into whites and colours and puts his laundry into the appropriate laundry basket. What do you think about her plan?
- ALaura’s husband is likely to become frustrated and receive too much reinforcement for too long a time.
- BLaura should stop the intervention and be pleased that she has gotten her husband to come this far.
- CLaura should proceed in more gradual steps to increase the likelihood of her husband’s success.
- DGiven how well Laura’s plan has worked to date, this should work fine.
42If a learner is making frequent mistakes during a shaping process, this is a signal that the criteria for reinforcement are being raised too quickly.
- ATrue
- BFalse
43The term operant comes from the verb _________________ and refers to behavior that _____________.
- AOpendum; opens the door to its effects on a given occasion
- BOpponent; opposes its consequences in a given environment
- COperate; operates on the environment to produce effects
- DOpara; presents the opportunity to respond on a given occasion
44Consider the following example: “Your phone won't allow you to make a call so you turn it off and then back on again. After this your phone allows you to make a call.” Identify the operant in this example.
- AThis is respondent, not operant, conditioning
- BTurning the phone on and off
- CYour phone no longer allowing you to make calls
- DYour phone allowing you to make calls
45In positive reinforcement, a stimulus is ______ and as a result behavior _____.
- AAdded; decreases
- BAdded; increases
- CRemoved; increases
- DRemoved; decreases
46New parents put a child to bed. The parents of the child are very tired because they work hard and are trying to raise a young child. The child begins crying. When they put the child in their own bed, the child stops crying. Thus, when they put the child to bed in the future, she is more likely to cry.
Identify the antecedent for the behaviour of the child crying:- Athe baby feeling alone and scared
- Bthe parents working hard
- Cthe parents placing the child in bed
- Dthe child being tired
47New parents put a child to bed. The parents of the child are very tired because they work hard and are trying to raise a young child. The child begins crying. When they put the child in their own bed, the child stops crying. Thus, when they put the child to bed in the future, she is more likely to cry.
Identify the maintaining consequence for the child crying:- Athe child feeling secure and safe
- Bthe parents placing the child in their bed
- Cthe child not crying anymore
- Dthe parents feeling annoyed
48New parents put a child to bed. The parents of the child are very tired because they work hard and are trying to raise a young child. The child begins crying. When they put the child in their own bed, the child stops crying. Thus, when they put the child to bed in the future, she is more likely to cry.
Identify the maintaining contingency for the child crying:- Apositive reinforcement
- Bpositive punishment
- Cnegative reinforcement
- Dnegative punishment
49When a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be presented, we say that the reinforcer is_[blank_start]____[blank_end]_upon that behavior.
- Acontingent
505. A neutral stimulus can be made into a reinforcer by pairing it with a known_[blank_start]___________[blank_end].
- Aunconditioned stimulus
51Select all of the following that can influence the effectiveness of a reinforcer for an organism:
- AThe quality of the reinforcer
- BHow long it has been since the last time the organism had access to the reinforcer
- CThe size of the reinforcer
- DHow close in time the reinforcer is delivered to the operant behaviour
- EWhether the organism likes the reinforcer
52In terms of behavior–environment relations, establishing operations:
- AA. Increase momentarily responses that have produced reinforcement
- Bb. Increase the momentary effectiveness of reinforcement
- Cc. Are used to construct the foundations of behavior
- Dd. Both (a) and (b)
53The effect is exemplified here:
A person is sleep deprived for 48 hours. They begin doing things like looking for a pillow, a blanket, a bed or couch, and pajamas.- Aevocative effect
- Bvalue-altering effect
- Cabative effect
- DBehaviour-alterting effect
54Evocative and abative effects are under the umbrella term of_[blank_start]_______[blank_end]_-altering effects
- Abehaviour
55Conditioned motivating operations (CMOs) have:
- AValue-altering effects that are unlearned
- BValue-altering effects that are a function of a learning history
- CComplicated learning histories
- DBehaviour-altering effects that are unlearned
56Conditioned motivating operations (CMOs) can be classified as:
- APositive & Negative
- BTransitive, Relective, & Substantive
- CReflexive, Surrogate & Transitive
- DReflexive & Transitive
57According to the models of delay of reinforcement gradients, which response(s) will receive the most amount of reinforcement effects?
- AAll responses that fall under the curve of the delay gradient will receive the same amount of reinforcement effects.
- BThe response that is closest to the delivery of the reinforcer
- CThe response that is most unique to the organism
- DThe response that causes the reinforcer to be delivered
58Which of the following is NOT an example of an unconditioned motivating operation:
- ABeing without food for 20 hours
- BBecoming hungry after seeing 12:00/noon on the clock
- CJust drinking 3 liters of water
- DThe presence of THC (cannabis) in the body
59Unconditioned motivating operations (UMOs) have:
- AValue-altering motivating effects that are a function of a learning history
- BValue-altering motivating effects that are unlearned
- CBehavior-altering motivating effects that are a function of a learning history
- DBehavior-altering effects that are unlearned
60You buy a six pack of beer and get home only to find out that the caps are not twist off. This situation is a ____ for a bottle opener.
- ACMO-R
- BUS
- CCMO-S
- DCMO-T
61Which of the following would be an example of an abolishing operation (AO) for eating?
- AFood deprivation
- BSmelling rancid meat
- CA “closed” sign on a restaurant
- DPutting a lock on the fridge
62A behaviour analyst that tends to rely on correlations between responses and reinforcers over long periods of time to describe events is said to take on a ____________ perspective.
- AMolecular
- BMolar
- CLimited
- Dbroad
63You go to work everyday. However, you have a boss who is really mean and everyday you go to work he says to you "you can not do anything right" and also takes some of lunch break away for not doing anything right (in his mind). Now, you want to avoid work and spend more time at home because of this. Even when you see your boss you try to run to the bathroom or a different room. What kind of operation is causing this?
- ACMO-T
- BCMO-R
- CUMO
- DCMO-S
64An evocative effect refers to:
- ANo effect in the current frequency of behavior
- BA combination of decreasing and increasing effects in the current frequency of behavior
- CA decrease in the current frequency of behavior
- DAn increase in the current frequency of behavior
65This effect is exemplified here:
On Thanksgiving day my family has a rule to not eat food until dinner is served. When this happens I feel like food would be a very good reinforcer.- Avalue-altering effect
- BBehaviour-altering effect
- Cevocative effect
- Dabative effect
66The slope of the delay gradient can change based on genetic dispositions, types of reinforcers, and the magnitude of a reinforcer.
- ATrue
- BFalse
67An abolishing operation_[blank_start]_________[blank_end]the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer.
- Adecreases
68An establishing operation__[blank_start]________[blank_end]_the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer.
- Aincreases
69Your roommate comes home to a kitchen counter full of dirty dishes and proceeds to yell at you. You then do the dishes. Several of these incidences occur. One day, before your roommate comes home, you see the dirty dishes and do them prior to your roommate coming home. In regards to you doing the dishes prior to your roommate coming home, the dishes are a:
- ACMO-R
- BCMO-S
- CUS
- DCMO-T
70An abative effect refers to:
- AA combination of decreasing and increasing effects in the current frequency of behavior
- BAn increase in the current frequency of behavior
- CNo effect in the current frequency of behavior
- DA decrease in the current frequency of behavior
71Charlie has pudding for snack. Mrs. M gives him just his pudding and waits. Charlie looks at his pudding and looks around the room. After 30s, Charlie says, "spoon." Mrs M praises him and hands him the spoon. This situation functioned as a:
- ACMO-R
- BCMO-T
- CCMO-S
- DUMO
72Roll, Higgins, and Badger (1996) tested the effectiveness of schedules of reinforcement for reducing cigarette smoking. The results of their study indicated that:
- ANeither schedule showed improvements over the control condition
- BBoth the progressive and constant schedules were equally as effective and both were better than the control condition
- CProviding a constant payout produced the highest level of abstinence and reduction in smoking
- DProgressive schedules produced the highest level of abstinence and reduction in smoking
73Increasing the number of responses required in a ratio schedule of reinforcement too quickly often results in a stereotyped pattern of behavior that includes emotional responding and a failure to perform the required behavior. This pattern of behavior is referred to as:
- Aan inter-trial interval
- Ba postreinforcement pause
- CRatio Strain
- Da prereinforcement pause
74The shape of the response pattern generated by an FI in most non-human organisms is called a ______.
- Abreak and pause
- Baccelerating dynamic
- Cogive
- Dscallop
75Continuous reinforcement provides a reinforcement for
- Aeach occurrence of the behaviour
- Bevery second response
- Cone response only, or only the first response
- Dfor the first response, then non-contingently after the first response
76From a behavior analysis perspective, peoples’ stable dispositions and personality traits can be viewed as:
- AProducts of the interplay between genes and environment
- BReactions to random changes in the environment
- CInternal influences on behavior
- DProducts of consistent schedules of reinforcement in the environment
77Progressive-ratio (PR) schedules are frequently used to evaluate:
- AHow fast an organism can respond
- BThe physical health of an organism
- CThe value of a reinforcer
- DAn organism’s ability to tolerate increased work loads
78Schedules that combine time and responses are called:
- Afixed-time schedules
- Binterval schedules
- CPartial reinforcement schedules
- Dcomplex schedules
79Darius works as a salesperson, getting clients to buy his products. He is paid a commission whenever he makes a sale. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
- Avariable-ratio
- Bfixed-ratio
- Cvariable-interval
- Dfixed-interval
80With variable reinforcement, a number representing the ___________________ number of responses required for reinforcement is determined.
- AAverage
- BLeast
- CMode
- DMost
81A schedule of reinforcement is a rule that describes
- AThe type of reinforcement used
- Bwhen intervention is delivered
- CWhen punishment will be delivered
- DWhen reinforcement will be delivered
82A post reinforcement pause is when
- AThe subject speeds up responses to quicken the delivery of reinforcement
- BThe subject does not respond for a period of time following reinforcement
- CThe subject indefinitely refuses to respond after the delivery of reinforcement
- DThe subject demands delivery of reinforcement
83The critical measure on progressive-ratio (PR) schedules is typically:
- AThe length of the PRP
- BThe breakpoint where the organism fails to complete the requirement
- CThe rate of responding
- DThe frequency of responding
84On a fixed-interval schedule, the postreinforcement pause is approximately ____ the length of the interreinforcement interval.
- Aone-half
- Bone-third
- Cthree-fourths
- Done-fourth
85When considering ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement:
- ATo get the highest rate of responding the researcher must alternate between ratio and interval schedules
- BInterval schedules produce a higher rate of response
- CRatio schedules produce a higher rate of response
- DRate of responding is equal
86Behaviour analysts use intermittent reinforcement to
- Amaintain established behaviours
- Bstrengthen new behaviours
- Cteach a new skill
- Dreduce problem behaviours
87Schedules that generate predictable stair-step patterns are
- ARandom Ratio
- BVariable ratio
- CFixed ratio
- DFixed interval
88Variable-ratio schedules generate:
- Ahigh rates of responding
- Bpostreinforcement pauses (PRPs)
- Cbreak-and-run performance
- Dlocked rates
89Maria is paid on Friday, every two weeks. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
- Afixed-ratio
- Bfixed-interval
- Cvariable-interval
- Dvariable-ratio
90Mark’s boss allows him to take a break after every 10 keychains that he assembles. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
- Avariable-ratio
- Bfixed-interval
- Cvariable-interval
- Dfixed-ratio
91A rat receives a pellet for the first response after 5 minutes regardless of how often they press the lever. This is an example of a(n) _____ schedule.
- Aratio
- BInterval
- Cbaseline
- Dconcurrent
92The postreinforcement pause is not caused by:
- APausing to consume the reinforcer
- BThe moment of reinforcement
- CThe magnitude of the reinforcer
- DThe upcoming ratio requirement
93In terms of aversive stimuli, attacks and foul odors are _______ while threats and falling grades are ______.
- ANatural; secondary
- BPrimary; conditioned
- CPotent; impotent
- DPrimitive; cultured
94Which of the following was not identified as a possible behavior principle influencing abused partners to stay in abusive situations?
- AThe “honeymoon” period serves as intermittent reinforcement for staying
- BDynamics outside the relationship punish the alternative behavior of leaving
- CDiscriminative stimuli associated with pleasant experiences maintain staying in the relationship
- DPunishment of victim’s staying in the relationship by the perpetrator decreases in effectiveness over time
95Consider the following example: “Paige got a ticket for littering. As a result she has to pick up trash along the highway for at least 20 hours.” This is an example of _______.
- ANegative punishment
- BTimeout procedure
- COvercorrection
- DResponse cost procedure
96The response cost procedure is an example of ______.
- ANegative punishment
- BPositive punishment
- CNegative reinforcement
- DPositive reinforcement
97 Considering evidence gained by experimental behavior analysis, introducing spanking at a low intensity and gradually increasing intensity:
- AEventually creates a situation where an unreasonable intensity is necessary
- BIs more effective than maintaining a single intensity
- CIs not as effective as maintaining a low intensity
- DIs an effective approach to reducing the problem behavior
98Azrin, Holz, and Hake’s (1963) study on punishment and food deprivation in pigeons demonstrated that:
- AThe more food deprived the pigeons were, the higher the efficacy of the punisher
- BThe efficacy of the punisher remained constant regardless of the level of deprivation
- CThe more food deprived the pigeons were, the lower the efficacy of the punisher
- DThe type of food reward in relation to deprivation changes the efficacy of the punisher
99Contingencies of punishment:
- AEncourage production of low-rate behavior
- BAre more effective than reinforcement
- CDo not teach or correct behavior
- DTeach correct ways to behave
100Francine is disruptive to the class by talking to the students around her. The classroom teacher asks Francine to move to the far corner of the classroom, away from other students. This is an example of:
- ANon-exclusionary timeout
- BSocial exclusion
- CExclusion timeout
- DOvercorrection
101In terms of dropping out of school, Sidman (2001) indicates that one basic element or cause is:
- AEscape due to a history of inescapable shock
- BEscape due to positive punishment
- CEscape due to contingencies of avoidance
- DEscape due to negative reinforcement
102In Coercion and Its Fallout, Sidman (2001) argues that coercion consists of both:
- APunishment and positive reinforcement
- BReinforcement and negative punishment
- CReinforcement and positive punishment
- DPunishment and negative reinforcement
103Positive punishment can best be defined as:
- ARemoval of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.
- BRemoval of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.
- CDelivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.
- DDelivery of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.
104Negative punishment can best be defined as:
- ARemoval of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior.
- BDelivery of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.
- CDelivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior
- DRemoval of a stimulus after a behavior that increases the occurrence of the behavior.
105Which of the following statements are not a part of the factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment?
- ASchedule
- BIntensity
- CPunishment for alternative behaviours
- DImmediacy
106A stimulus that was not originally punishing, but that acquired punishing power through association with other punishers is the definition of:
- Aan S∆
- Ba reprimand
- Ca conditioned punisher
- Da non-exclusionary time-out
107Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect or problem with punishment?
- AIt increases the frequency of undesirable behaviours of the person being punished
- BPunishment elicits aggressive and/or emotional responses
- CPunishment models undesirable behaviours to others
- DPunishment may lead to escape and avoidance from those who deliver the punishment
108An abolishing operation for punishment would:
- AMake the punisher less punishing
- Breinforce behaviours that have lead to that punishment in the past
- CDo nothing because they don’t exist
- DMake the punisher more punishing
109Negative reinforcement can be differentiated from punishment by carefully attending to the role of the “aversive” stimulus. In a negative reinforcement contingency, the aversive stimulus , whereas in a punishment contingency, the aversive stimulus .
- AIs present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior.
- BIs removed following the target behavior; is present before the target behavior occurs.
- CIs present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior; is presented following the target behavior.
- DIs presented following the target behavior; is removed following the target behavior.
110Which of the following is not associated effects of extinction?
- AAggression
- BExtinction Burst
- CSpontaneous Recovery
- DStable Responding
111In order to treat her son’s frequent tantrums while out shopping, Ruby put his tantrum behavior on extinction by refusing to buy any treats when he tantrums in the store. This works and her son does not tantrum any more while shopping. Then, suddenly, the tantrum behavior reappears one day while they are out shopping. This reappearance of the previously extinguished behavior is an example of:
- AExtinction burst
- BReappearance
- CGeneralization
- DSpontaneous recovery
112Although she was happy in the relationship, Joan decided to break up with her boyfriend several weeks ago. He tried contacting her for several days afterward, but after several weeks without any response from Joan, he stopped trying to contact her. Then, one day, Joan accidentally sends her ex a text message asking about his day. After this message, he starts frequently texting and calling Joan again. This reappearance of the previously extinguished behavior is an example of:
- ASpontaneous recovery
- BReinstatement of responding
- CGeneralization
- DReinforcement
113The major functional difference between forgetting and extinction is:
- AForgetting occurs mostly in older organisms while extinction can occur with individuals of any age
- BThe opportunity to emit the behavior during extinction, but not forgetting
- CExtinction deals with behavior while forgetting deals with memory
- DThe opportunity to emit the behavior during forgetting, but not extinction
114When Timmy wanted a drink, he generally screamed at his mother until she gave him a drink. Which of the following extinction procedures is the most appropriate choice?
- AExtinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement.
- BExtinction of behavior maintained by positive punishment.
- CExtinction of behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement
- DExtinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement.
115When Bobby was given a work sheet in class, he screamed and crawled under his desk. Bobby would continue to scream and remain under his desk until his teacher removed the work sheet and left him alone. Which of the following extinction procedures is the most appropriate choice?
- AExtinction of behavior maintained by positive punishment
- BExtinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement.
- CExtinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement.
- DExtinction of behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement.
116Susie spent most of the day sitting on her bedroom floor, rocking back and forth. While she was rocking, she would flap both of her hands back and forth. Which of the following extinction procedures is the most appropriate choice?
- AExtinction of behavior maintained by negative reinforcement.
- BExtinction of behavior maintained by positive punishment.
- CExtinction of behavior maintained by positive reinforcement.
- DExtinction of behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement.
117Which statement correctly states the definition of extinction?
- ANone of the others.
- BExtinction is a procedure in which a behavior is put on a continuous reinforcement schedule
- CExtinction is a procedure that provides zero probability of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behaviour.
- DExtinction is a procedure in which punishment of a previously punished behavior is discontinued.
118Which statement correctly defines extinction burst?
- AAn immediate decline in the frequency of a target behavior after the removal of the reinforcement contingency
- BThe gradual decline in frequency of a target behavior after the removal of the reinforcement contingency
- CA gradual increase in frequency of a target behavior after the removal of the reinforcement contingency
- DAn immediate increase in the frequency of a target behavior after the removal of the reinforcement contingency
119A schedule of intermittent reinforcement is likely to increase the _________________?
- AResistance to Reinforcement
- BMotivating operations
- CEstablishing operation
- DResistance to Extinction
120Resistance to extinction is _________________ when extinction is carried out under high motivation than under low.
- ALower
- Bslower
- CGreater
- DFaster
121Extinction procedures should not be used with behaviors that cause serious injury to the subject.
- ATrue
- BFalse
122Spontaneous recovery of the target behavior will be short lived as long as the extinction procedure remains in effect.
- ATrue
- BFalse
123If, in a given situation, an individual emits a previously reinforced response that is not followed by the usual reinforcing consequence, then that person:
- Ais less likely to do the same thing again in that situation
- Bis more likely to do the same thing again in that situation
- Cwill become very passive in that situation
- Dwill stop emitting that behavior immediately in that situation
124A behavior is likely to extinguish very slowly if:
- Athat behavior was reinforced intermittently prior to the extinction program
- Bthere is no aggression as a side-effect
- Can alternative desirable behavior is reinforced
- Dthat behavior was reinforced continuously prior to the extinction program
125If you tell someone to stop eating candies, and the person stops, that is an example of operant extinction.
- ATrue
- BFalse
126Behavior that extinguishes slowly is said to be:
- Aexhibiting extinction bursts
- Bshowing spontaneous recovery
- Creinforced intermittently
- Dresistant to extinction
127Extinction and forgetting are similar in that both involve:
- Aweakening of behavior
- Bweakening a behavior as a function of time following that behavior
- Cweakening a behavior as a function of intermittent reinforcement
- Dweakening a behavior as a function of that behavior being emitted without being reinforced
128Behavior that has been reinforced on a continuous reinforcement schedule is more persistent during extinction than behavior that has been reinforced on an intermittent reinforcement schedule.
- ATrue
- BFalse
129Ignoring the behavior of a person is always an example of extinction.
- ATrue
- BFalse
130An SΔ sets the occasion upon which a response is ____ reinforced.
- AMaybe
- BSometimes
- CNever
- DAlways
1317. A change in maximal generalization responding away from SΔ to the other side of SD is called:
- AStimulus Control
- BPeak Shift
- CRelative Control
- DGradient Shift
132When an ______ is presented the probability of a response increases. When an _____ is presented the probability of response decreases.
- AS∆; SD
- BSD; S∆
- CSD followed by a S∆; S∆ followed by a SD
- DS∆ followed by a SD; SD followed by a S∆
133When organisms respond in one setting and not another they are ______. When they behave similarly they are _____ across circumstances.
- AGeneralizing; discriminating
- BDiscriminating; anticipating
- CAnticipating; generalizing
- DDiscriminating; generalizing
134The operant procedure of fading involves:
- AGradually changing the response requirement for reinforcement
- BGradually changing the value or dimensions of a controlling stimulus
- CGradually introducing a new stimulus into the context
- DGradually removing the reinforcement that maintains a behavior
135Concept formation studies demonstrate that nonhuman animals:
- ACan learn to differentiate between concrete relative differences between objects (such as bigger, smaller)
- BCan learn basic categories, such as shape or color, but cannot learn more abstract concepts
- CCannot form general categories, but must learn about each stimulus individually
- DCan be trained to respond to abstract properties of objects (such as humanness, gender)
136When approaching an intersection with a stop light while driving a car, the presence of a green light acts as a _____________ for pushing the accelerator and as a ______________ for pushing the brake.
- AS-delta; discriminative stimulus
- BPositive reinforcer; positive punisher
- CDiscriminative stimulus; s-delta
- DPositive punisher; positive reinforcer
137What is the discrimination index for a green light when the observed rate of responding in the presence of the green light is 50 responses per minute and the rate in the absence of the green light is 25 responses per minute?
- A.75
- B.33
- C.25
- D.67
138Operant stimulus control has been achieved when:
- AA response occurs in the presence of a conditioned stimulus.
- BA response occurs more frequently in the absence of a specific stimulus, but rarely occurs in its presence.
- CA response occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus, but rarely occurs in the absence of the stimulus.
- DA response occurs frequently throughout the day under a variety of stimulus conditions.
139Stimulus generalization has occurred when:
- AThe same response occurs in the presence of two different, but similar, stimuli.
- BA response occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus, but rarely occurs in the absence of the stimulus.
- COne response occurs in the presence of a specific stimulus, and a different response occurs in the presence of a different stimulus.
- DOne stimulus evokes a number of different, but similar, responses.
140In the examples in lecture in which pigeons were taught to discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings, which of the following is NOT true:
- AThe researchers tested to see if the pigeons were discriminating based on colour usage
- BThe researchers tested to see if the pigeons were discriminating based on the size of the paintings
- CThe researchers tested to see if the pigeons could discriminate after changing the positions of the paintings (upside-down, right-left reverses)
- DThe researchers tested to see if the pigeons were discriminating based on contour
141A two-component schedule in which both components have separate stimuli and the schedules alternate across time, but never overlap, is called a ______.
- AVR schedule
- BChained schedule
- CBehaviour contrast schedule
- DMultiple schedule
142My dog comes up to me and whines/makes all sorts of noises when he needs to go to the potty. If I do not take him outside he continues to whine. After I let him outside he no longer whines. In regard to my behaviour of letting my dog outside, the _________ is the MO and the ___________ is the SD.
- ADog having the urge to potty; Door to outside
- BDog Whining; Door to outside
- CDog Whining; Dog
- DDoor to Outside; Dog having the urge to potty
143Dogs are trained to detect cancer in humans by having them smell the person and indicating to the dog handler if they detect cancer.
- ATrue
- BFalse
144Guttman and Kalish (1956) reinforced pigeons for pecking a particular color of light and then recorded their rate of pecking across the spectrum and found that:
- AThe more the new stimulus differed from the one used in training, the lower the response rate
- BThe pigeon responded only to the wavelength presented in training originally
- CThe more the new stimulus differed from the one in training, the higher the response rate
- DThe pigeon responded the same regardless of the wavelength of light presented because reinforcement was on an interval schedule
145When a woman suffering from anorexia chooses the thinner picture of herself as opposed to the actual or heavier photograph, she is demonstrating:
- APeak Shift
- BReinforcement
- CRespondent Conditioning
- DDiscrimination
146One of the major hurdles when using discrimination training is ensuring that the organism is attending to the correct property of the stimulus for the response you are teaching. This is due to the fact that many stimuli are
- AMULT stimuli
- Bcompound stimuli
- Cmixed stimuli
- Dsingular stimuli
147Responding “8” to the prompt “3 + 5” and “15” to the prompt “3 × 5” is an example of:
- AConcept formation
- BDiscrimination
- CConditional discrimination
- DGeneralization
148A commitment response creates a situation where:
- Athe reinforcer for the current behaviour is delivered later on.
- Bthe organism promises to stay with their current choice.
- Cthe organism prevents choices from being available later on.
- Dthe organism declares they would like the larger, later option, but can still choose the smaller,sooner when the choice comes.
149Researchers may use concurrent-chained schedules to tease apart the direct reinforcing effects of the schedules and the choice between the options.
- ATrue
- BFalse
150From a behavioral analysis standpoint, drug addiction is the product of ______.
- Apoor decision making skills
- Bbiological predisposition to disease
- COperant choice - how the schedules of reinforcement direct behaviour
- DRespondent choice - how stimuli initiate drug cravings
151The quantitative law of effect suggests that response rates on a single option will be highest when:
- AExtraneous reinforcement is lower than the reinforcers for the target behavior
- BExtraneous reinforcement is higher than the reinforcers for the target
- CExtraneous reinforcement is only available after the occurrence of the target behavior
- DExtraneous reinforcement is equal to the reinforcers for the target behavior
152According to behavior analysts, preference is:
- AAn emotional state
- BReliably choosing one option over another
- CA subjective experience
- DA motivation to behave in a certain way
153 In the power law form of the generalized matching equation, an a value of less than 1 indicates:
- AUndermatching
- BSelf-control
- CSensitivity
- DOvermatching
154Which of the following is used to investigate choice in the laboratory?
- AA Skinner box with a single manipulandum
- BConcurrent schedules of reinforcement
- CTwo cumulative recorders that are running successively
- DBoth a Skinner box with a single manipulandum and two cumulative recorders that are running successively
155When considering concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organisms often switch rapidly between alternatives. This can be explained by:
- ABehavioral activation because the switching behavior becomes reinforcing
- BDiscrimination because each alternative yields different results
- CPunishment because one alternative provides a higher rate of reinforcement
- DThe changeover response where organisms are reinforced for switching
156Conger and Killeen’s (1974) study used confederates as well as participants to study human communication and found that:
- ATime spent listening to the speaker matched the relative rate of the individual’s personal agreement with the speaker, evidence of the matching relation
- BTime spent talking to the listener was independent of the rate of agreement, evidence against the matching relation
- CTime spent talking to the listener matched the relative rate of agreement from the listener, evidence for the matching relation
- DTime spent listening to the speaker did not match the rate of the individual’s personal agreement, evidence against the matching relation
157All of the following were discussed as potential sources of bias EXCEPT:
- AThe subject preferring to be near one lever or key compared to the other.
- BOne schedule delivering more reinforcers per hour.
- COne lever being harder to operate than the other.
- DThe subject having a colour preference when using coloured keys.
158Delay discounting involves decisions between ____ and ____ rewards.
- Alarge, delayed; large, immediate
- BSmall, delayed; large, immediate
- CSmall, immediate; large, delayed
- Dsmall, delayed; small, immediate
159Herrnstein’s (1961) experiment using a two-key concurrent VI VI schedule is described by _______.
- AThe matching law for a single alternative
- BThe proportional matching equation (the matching law)
- CThe quantitative law of effect
- DThe nonmatching function for multiple alternatives
160Those who are more impulsive have a shallow delay discounting or delay discount less.
- ATrue
- BFalse
161In human research on delay discounting, hypothetical outcomes tend to result in similar patterns of discounting as actual outcomes.
- ATrue
- BFalse
162 As relative rate of reinforcement ______ , the relative rate of response ______.
- AIncreases; increases
- Bremains stable; increases
- CIncreases; decreases
- DDecreases; increases
163To prevent switching on concurrent schedules:
- AProgram an intermittent schedule of reinforcement
- BProgram a DRO contingency
- CProgram a changeover delay
- DProgram a multiple schedule
164A rat placed in a chamber with two response levers, each operating on a variable-interval schedule and with one that pays off approximately 5 reinforcers per minute and a second that pays off approximately 10 reinforcers per minute, will most likely distribute its behavior as:
- A75% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute
- B50% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute
- C67% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers
- D100% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute
165The variable k in the power law form of the generalized matching equation (Baum, 1974) represents:
- AHow sensitive the organism is to the distribution of reinforcers (sensitivity)
- BThe rate at which reinforcers lose their value over time (discounting)
- CExtraneous forms of reinforcement (other)
- DPreferences caused by some factor that has not been identified (bias)
166In terms of behavior, choice is concerned with _______.
- AThe distribution of behavior among alternative sources of reinforcement
- BThe differential reinforcement of alternative behavior
- CThe information processing during decision-making
- DThe decision-making capabilities of the organism
167On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the SD and the unconditioned reinforcement:
- AThe greater the stimulus control
- BThe less the value of the unconditioned reinforcer
- CThe less effective the SD as a conditioned reinforcer
- DThe more the value of the unconditioned reinforcer
168In terms of good news and bad news, research suggests that:
- AStimuli correlated with punishment and extinction maintain an observing response
- BStimuli correlated with positive reinforcement and extinction maintain an observing response
- CStimuli correlated with negative reinforcement and punishment maintain an observing response
- DStimuli correlated with positive or negative reinforcement maintain an observing response
169According to Skinner (1953), a generalized conditioned reinforcer:
- AIs not very useful because it relies on the momentary deprivation/satiation of the organism
- BIs extremely useful because it can be carried around and made contingent on behavior
- CIs produced by pairing a conditioned reinforcer with more than one unconditioned reinforcer
- DIs produced by backward chaining of the unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
170______ involves two or more simple schedules, presented sequentially and signaled by an arbitrary stimulus.
- AMultiple chain schedule of reinforcement
- BTandem schedule of reinforcement
- CChain schedule of reinforcement
- DBackward concurrent schedule of reinforcement
171In a _______, unconditioned reinforcement is programmed after completing two or more schedules, presented sequentially without discriminative stimuli.
- ABackward chain schedule of reinforcement
- BMultiple chain schedule of reinforcement
- CTandem schedule of reinforcement
- DChain schedule of reinforcement
172The effectiveness of a _____ depends on the frequency of unconditioned reinforcement correlated with it.
- AHeterogeneous chain
- BPunisher
- CConditioned reinforcer
- DTandem schedule
173The _____ asserts that stimuli closer in time to positive reinforcement, or further in time from an aversive event, are more effective conditioned reinforcers.
- ADelay-enhancement hypothesis
- BDelay-reduction hypothesis
- CDelay-discounting hypothesis
- DImmediacy-reduction hypothesis
174Which of the following is not one of the three distinct components of a token schedule?
- Aexchange production
- Btoken production
- Ctoken savings
- Dtoken exchange
175Which of the following characteristics is responsible for money being labeled as a generalized reinforcer:
- AIt is easily quantified
- BIt is relatively independent of momentary deprivation
- CIt is exchangeable for a variety of different goods/commodities
- DIt is non-perishable and easy to store
176Every stimuli used in a behaviour chain serves two functions: an SD for the next schedule and as a conditioned reinforcer for the last schedule.
- ATrue
- BFalse
177Stimuli used in the initial links of a VI 2, FR 3, FI 1, VR 25, FI 1 chain schedule of reinforcement will be powerful conditioned reinforcers.
- ATrue
- BFalse
178If you train a rat to receive a food pellet every time you play a particular song, the food pellet is ______ and the tune is ______.
- AA conditioned reinforcer; an unconditioned reinforcer
- BRespondent reinforcement; operant reinforcement
- CAn unconditioned reinforcer; a conditioned reinforcer
- DOperant reinforcement; respondent reinforcement
179If a rat presses the same lever in each component of a chain of reinforcement then the chain is _____.
- AUniform
- Bconcurrent
- CHeterogeneous
- Dhomogenous
180Research conducted by Fantino and Case (1983) on stimuli linked to feedback found that a stimulus correlated with _____ did not maintain human observing, but one linked to ____ did.
- AReinforcement; punishment
- BGood news; no news
- CNo news; bad news
- DBad news; no news
181A rat that is trained on a tandem schedule with two FI 50-second schedules will likely show a cumulative record response pattern that looks like:
- AThe scallop for an FI 50-second schedule
- BThe scallop for an FI 25-second schedule
- CThe scallop for an FI 100-second schedule
- DThe flat line associated with a VI 50-second schedule
182Concurrent schedules of reinforcement involve unsignalled initial and terminal links to explore the conditioned reinforcing effects of the initial links.
- ATrue
- BFalse
183An observing response allows the organism to see which schedule of reinforcement is in effect during unsignalled schedules of reinforcement.
- ATrue
- BFalse
184Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of:
- Aall of these
- BTypically developing children
- CPsychiatric patients
- DJuvenile delinquents
185In the laboratory, when a clicking sounds is followed by food, the clicking sound:
- AIs characterized by all of the above
- BTakes on a conditioned reinforcement function
- CCan become an enduring reinforcing stimulus
- DUsually supports an operant that produces it
186Attention from other people is usually reinforcing for children because:
- AAttention is a fundamental necessity of life that children thrive on
- BAttention is needed for children to develop into emotionally healthy people
- CAttention is around children all the time so they get used to it
- DAttention has preceded a variety of reinforcement from people
187The relationship between saying and doing is formally a ______ relation.
- ASynergistic
- BDose response
- CCognitive consistency
- DCorrespondence
188Rule-following is ______ regulated by _____ of reinforcement.
- ABehavior; contingencies
- BCognitively; expectancies
- CMentally; contingencies
- DSocially; expectancies
189From a behavioral perspective, Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment worked because it included the following behavioral processes:
- AGeneralized imitation, descriptions of contingencies, and rule-governed behavior
- BRule-governed behavior, generalized reinforcement, and discrimination
- CStimulus control, descriptions of contingencies, and punishment
- DIntermittent reinforcement, generalization, social contingencies
190For Skinner (1969), rules are:
- AVerbal descriptions of the operating contingencies
- BInstances of generalized imitation
- CComponents of self-efficacy
- DGeneralized conditioned reinforcers
191If after having been reinforced for imitating a number of behaviors, an individual imitates a completely new behavior the first time that behavior is modeled, we say that ___________________________ has occurred.
- Anovel generalization
- Bgeneralized imitation.
- Cparticipant modeling
- Dsymbolic modeling
192An antecedent stimulus that evokes the imitative behavior is:
- Aan operative behavior
- Ban imitative response chain
- Ca chaining of behaviors
- Da model
193Teaching learners to do what the model does regardless of the behavior modeled is the major objective of what?
- AFormal modeling
- BAntecedent control
- CImitation training
- DFormal similarity
194When organisms watch another organism engage in a behaviour, neurons in their brains light up as if they were engaging in the response themselves. These neurons are known as:
- AImitation neurons
- BMirror neurons
- CMatching neurons
- DVisual Cortex Neurons
195Humans are the only organisms that learn from watching others.
- ATrue
- BFalse
196Badura had children watch models interact with a bobo doll. Bandura found that the children that watched a model interact aggressively with the bobo doll and were praised for doing so:
- AWere less aggressive when they interacted with the bobo doll
- BWere more likely to play with the bobo doll appropriately
- CWere more aggressive when they interacted with the bobo doll
- DAvoided the bobo doll
1975. I have been teaching my client to do the same things I do, such as zip up a coat and put on gloves. My client goes to the store and witnesses a person put on a scarf and leave the store. My client then puts on their scarf. This would be an example of a(n):
- Aplanned model
- Bunplanned model
- Cdiscriminative stimulus
- DStimulus-Delta
198Imitation requires that the learner emits a _____ response that could only occur by observing a ____ emit a similar response.
- ANovel; model
- BOperant; organism
- CSimilar; conspecific
- DSignificant; peer
199Bandura’s social-cognitive model of observational learning includes all of the following except:
- AAbility to engage in the observed act
- BRetention (memory) of the observed act
- CPrevious experience performing the observed act
- DMotivation to engage in the observed act
200Repeating a joke to your coworkers that you heard told by a late night host the previous day violates the operant imitation account of imitation in all of the following ways except:
- AThe observed behavior happened hours before the imitative response
- BThe context in which the response occurs is different
- CThe reinforcement for the response appears to be missing
- DThe imitative response is novel
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- Psychology Quiz on 2515 Final, created by Rebecca Pearson on 23/11/2019.
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- Rebecca Pearson
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