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Psyc 250 Final
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Questions in this quiz (90)
1The first signs of superego development appear during which stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
- Athe oral stage
- Bthe anal stage
- Cthe phallic stage
- Dthe genital stage
2Each of Erikson's stages is characterized by
- Athe intervention of a caregiver or mentor
- Ba crisis that the individual must resolve
- Cindividual goal-setting
- Dmastery of social skills, however rudimentary
3Which of these best describes a parenting style influenced by Watson's theories?
- Arigid and strict
- Boverprotective
- Cpermissive
- Dchild-centered
4According to Skinner, everything we do in life is an operant response influenced by
- Athe immediate sociocultural context
- Bthe outcomes of past behaviour
- Cthe behaviour of peers
- Dbehaviour modification
5Social learning theory emphasizes ____ as the primary mechanisms of development
- Aobservation and imitation
- Bgenetic encoding
- Creinforcement
- Dsocial influences
6Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated
- Athe pleasure principle
- Bvicarious reinforcement
- Coperant conditioning
- Dbasic trust versus mistrust
7Dodge's approach to social cognition centers on the use of ____ as a problem-solving strategy
- Anegotiation
- Brole-taking
- Caggression
- Dthe "generalized other"
8According to Dweck, whether a child meets a new challenge with a sense of excitement or with a sense of anxiety depends on that child's
- Askill level
- Bachievement motivation
- Cparental engagement
- Dlevel of internalization
9A person with an entity view of intelligence believes that his or her intelligence level:
- Ais based on family circumstances
- Bcan change with effort
- Crises and falls on a continuum
- Dis fixed and unchangeable
10What is the term used to describe the study of behaviour within an evolutionary context?
- Aethology
- Bbiology
- Csociology
- Dmesosystem
11Parental-investment theory stresses the ___ basis of many aspects of parental behaviour
- Aevolutionary
- Bempirical
- Cbehaviourist
- Dbioecological
12Lisa's peers are picking on her at recess because she wears glasses. Which level of Bronfenbrenner's biological model is affecting Lisa?
- Athe macrosystem
- Bthe exosystem
- Cthe microsystem
- Dthe mesosystem
13Which level of Bronfenbrenner's model would account for how changes in a society's customs over time affect the development of a child?
- Amacrosystem
- Bexosystem
- Cchronosystem
- Dmesosystem
14At which level of Bronfenbrenner's model do the consequences of child maltreatment primarily manifest themselves?
- Amicrosystem
- Bexosystem
- Cmacrosystem
- Dmesosystem
15According to Caspi and colleagues, children who possess a particular variant of the MAOA gene are ___ to the negative effects of child abuse.
- Acompletely immune
- Bespecially susceptible
- Cmore resilient
- Dslightly more prone
16Which of the following statements best summarizes the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from their famous marshmallow test?
- AThe ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life
- BThe ability to experience and express emotion is a result of human evolution
- CIndividuals experience emotions in order to manage their relationship with their environment
- DInfants across all cultures are born with the ability to express the six human basic emotions
17Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched and growling. Tom begins to perspire, his breathing quickens, and his heart rate increases. This reaction is an example of which component of emotion?
- Aneural responses
- Bphysiological factors
- Csubjective feelings
- Dthe desire to take action
18The notion that humans have evolved to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings is central to which theory?
- Adiscrete emotions theory
- Bfunctionalist perspective theory
- Cthe AFFEX approach
- Ddisplay rules theory
19How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter?
- ASelf-conscious emotions are thought to be innate
- BSelf-conscious emotions tend to occur very early in infancy
- CSelf-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself as separate from others
- DSelf-conscious emotions have a consistently negative effect on development
20Based on your understanding of the chapter, how would a 12-month-old respond to a novel stimulus in a given situation if his or her parent expressed positive emotion?
- AThe infant is likely to stay near his or her parent
- BThe infant is likely to move closer to the novel stimulus
- CThe infant will stay in between the parent and novel stimulus
- DThe infant will show a fear response and avoid the novel stimulus
21____ refer(s) to an individual's ability to understand their own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.
- AEmotion regulation
- BTemperament traits
- CDisplay rules
- DEmotional intelligence
22____ refer(s) to the social and cultural norms related to emotion expression
- AEmotion regulation
- BTemperamental traits
- CDisplay rules
- DEmotional intelligence
23An infant is startled by a loud noise and begins to cry. Her mother calms her by playing with her and speaking soothingly to her. This interaction is an example of ____.
- Aco-regulation
- Bself-comforting
- Cemotion socialization
- Dco-rumination
24A decreased reliance on self-comforting behaviours, an increased ability to inhibit motor behaviour, and an improved ability to distract oneself when distressed are all the result of developments in ____.
- Aemotional intelligence
- Bemotion regulation
- Ctemperament
- Dsocial competence
25Which of the following is not one of the five key dimensions of temperament, according to research by Marx Rothbart?
- Adisgust
- Bsmiling
- Cattention span
- Dfear
26Twin studies conducted by Lemery-Chalfant and colleagues have led to which important conclusion regarding temperament?
- ATemperament is most strongly affected by environmental factors
- BTemperament is completely determined by genetic factors
- CTemperament is determined more by genes than environment
- DGenes and environment play an equal role in determining temperament
27Researchers conducting Tronick's famous Still-Face Paradigm found that during the distressing still-face episodes, infants spent very little time looking at their mothers. This response is an example of which of the following behaviours?
- Aanxiety disorder
- Bself-distraction
- Cself-comforting
- Dco-rumination
28What are two components of mental health?
- Agenetics and environment
- Bphysical health and emotional stability
- Cinternal well-being and external relationships
- Dparents and peers
29Two 6 year old boys, Cal and Sam, accompany their class to the library. Sam grabs a book from the shelf and sits quietly to read. Cal is unable to sit still or quietly and ends up disrupting other children. The different reactions that these two boys have to this situation are the result of ____.
- Aemotion socialization
- Bgoodness of fit
- Ctoxic stress
- Ddifferential susceptibility
30The fact that a variety of factors can each lead to a given mental disorder is known as ____.
- Amultifinality
- Bequifinality
- Cdifferential susceptibility
- Drumination
31Critical to an infant's growth is the development of a positive emotional connection to a primary caregiver, such as a parent. This enduring emotional bond is known as ____.
- Aco-regulation
- Battachment
- Cco-dependency
- Dimprinting
32In both Harlow's work with rhesus monkeys and Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm, researchers observed the baby monkey or child continually return to the mother after exploring an unfamiliar space or situation. This behaviour is an example of:
- Adisoriented behaviour
- Bambivalent attachment
- Csecure attachment
- Dparental sensitivity
33According to attachment theory as proposed by John Bowlby, which of the following is an example of a child in the attachment-in-the-making phase?
- AJuan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh and smile more in his presence
- BAva is easily soothed by anyone who picks her up when she cries
- CDevon actively seeks the company of his grandmother and is emboldened to explore the environment in her presence
- DSerena shows a clear preference for her mother and demonstrates visible distress upon separation
34Three attachment types were initially identified in research by Mary Ainsworth. Which attachment type was later added to categorize those that did not fit well into Ainsworth's initial three categories?
- Asecurely attached
- Bdisorganized/disoriented
- Cinsecure/resistant
- Dinsecure/avoidant
35Which measure of attachment security pays careful attention to children's reactions to their caregivers after a separation?
- Aattachment Q-Sort
- Binventory of parent and peer attachment
- CStrange Situation
- Dinternal working model
36A father who responds quickly to the needs of his child and shows emotional warmth by smiling, laughing, and communicating positively to his child is demonstrating:
- Acaregiver responsibility
- Breciprocal attachment
- Cparental security
- Dparental sensitivity
37Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic make-up:
- Adisappears by adulthood
- Bcan be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment
- Ccan be changed by altering the levels of oxytocin in the brain
- Dis proof that genetic markers cause specific attachment security types
38____ involves a person's overall subjective evaluation of oneself and the feelings associated with that evaluation.
- Aself-esteem
- Bself-concept
- Cself-reflection
- Dself-measure
39Two year old Lani walks by a mirror and notices chocolate around her mouth. She uses the bottom of her shirt to carefully wipe it off. Lani is displaying ____.
- Aself-recognition
- Bself-consciousness
- Cself-determination
- Dself-esteem
40Susan Harter that a child's sense of self-concept:
- Ais a social construct influenced in large part by the evaluations of others
- Bis an innate sense that is based entirely on evolutionary mechanisms
- Cdoes not begin to emerge until middle childhood, around the ages of 6-9 years
- Dis fully developed by the time the child enters elementary school, at about age 6
41As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on ____ characteristics to ____ qualities
- Aphysical; concrete
- Babstract; personal
- Cpersonal; psychological
- Dconcrete; abstract
42Self-concept in adolescence is characterized by a reemergence of a form of egocentrism, exemplified by the individual overly differentiating his or her feelings from those of others. This type of egocentrism is called the:
- Alooking-glass self
- Bpersonal fable
- Cimaginary audience
- Dintrospective mirror
43According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, which stage is noted by the exploration of identity status?
- Aidentity diffusion
- Bidentity foreclosure
- Cconfusion
- Dmoratorium
44Which of the following statements is not true about racial and ethnic identity during adolescence?
- AThe more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem
- BMinority-group members can face challenges in adopting the values of their ethnic group or those of the dominant culture
- CBecause they may have had early experiences with discrimination, ethnic- and racial-minority adolescents may feel ambivalent about their own ethnic status
- DDevelopment of a bicultural identity can lead to positive benefits for some minority youth and can lead to challenges for others
45For sexual minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by:
- Afeelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others
- Ba preference for social interaction with other sexual-minority individuals
- Can individual's first experience with same-sex sexual activities
- Dan individual's initial disclosure about his/her sexual identity
46According to Piaget, which of the following factors is most influential in the development of children's moral reasoning?
- Ainteractions with peers
- Badult influence
- Csocietal norms
- Dheredity
47Luis does not write on his desk because the rules of the classroom forbid it, and he wants to set a good example for his classmates. According to Kohlberg's hierarchy, Luis is in which stage of moral development?
- Auniversal ethical principles
- Bpunishment and obedience orientation
- Cinstrumental and exchange orientation
- Dsocial system and conscience orientation
48Sarah is mad and wants to break her mother's favorite vase. However, she doesn't want to get in trouble for her actions, so she decides to punch a pillow instead. According to Kohlberg's hierarchy, Sarah is in which level of moral development?
- Apreconventional
- Bdevelopmental
- Cconventional
- Dpostconventional
49In discussions of moral development, prosocial behaviour is best defined as:
- Abehaviour based on personal benefit
- Bvoluntary behaviour intended to benefit another
- Cactions that contribute to society as a whole
- Dbehaviour intended to win approval
50Children develop a conscience:
- Athrough identification with the same-gender parent, at about age 4-6
- Bslowly over time, affected by parental disciplinary practices
- Cin a discontinuous process
- Din a standard sequence, regardless of parental practices
51For children with a specific variant of the gene SLC6A4, low maternal responsiveness is associated with high levels of conscience in early childhood. This pattern is an example of ____.
- APiaget's stages of moral development
- BKohlberg's levels of moral reasoning
- Cgoodness of fit between temperament and environment
- Dprosocial behaviour
52Which of the following has been shown to influence the development of conscience?
- Aparental discipline style
- Bgenetic factors
- Ctemperament
- Dall of the above
53At approximately what age do children begin to believe that it is more important to follow moral rules than social conventions?
- A12 months
- B6 years
- C12 years
- D3 years
54Jaden is playing with a toy car. Sam comes over and takes it from her, which makes Jaden sad. Omar watches this happen and feels sad as well. Omar is displaying what kind of emotional response?
- Asympathy
- Bprosocial behaviour
- Caltruism
- Dempathy
55Cooperation is a form of prosocial behaviour that may be driven by both sympathy and a child's sense of ____.
- Ashame
- Bempathy
- Cfairness
- Djustice
56Which of the following has been shown to influence the development of prosocial tendencies?
- Aparental discipline style
- Bgenetic factors
- Ctemperament
- Dall of the above
57Physical aggression is normative in development and increases in frequency beginning at around ____ of age
- A5-6 years
- B6 months
- C18 months
- D3 years
58Severe antisocial and aggressive behaviours, such as cruelty to animals and patterns of of bullying, are examples of _____.
- Aconduct disorder
- Breactive aggression
- Coppositional defiant disorder
- Dnegative youth development
59In the school cafeteria, Lynn pushes other children out of the way in order to get ahead in the line. What type of aggression is Lynn using?
- Areactive
- Bproactive
- Cantisocial
- Drelational
60During which stage of development is aggression influenced more by environment than by hereditary factors?
- Aadolescence
- Bearly childhood
- Cinfancy
- Dadulthood
61Gender typing refers to:
- Athe identification of an individual based on sex chromosomes
- Ban individual's personal identification as male, female, or neither
- Cthe process of gender socialization that occurs during development
- Dthe genetic forces that determine an individual's sex during prenatal development
62The assertion that the tendency for girls to play with dolls is the result of an evolved predisposition toward maternal care is based on the premise of which theory?
- Aevolutionary psychology theory
- Bbiosocial theory
- Csocial learning theory
- Dgender schema theory
63Which of the following statements represents a major difference between evolutionary psychology theory and biosocial theory?
- Abiosocial theory does not account for the influence of evolutionary forces in gender differences
- Bevolutionary psychology theory places greater emphasis on the physical differences between the sexes
- Cbiosocial theory places greater emphasis on the capacity for behavioural flexibility influenced by social and technological factors
- Devolutionary psychology theory asserts that, from an evolutionary perspective, there are no significant differences between the sexes
64Exposure to high levels of prenatal androgens in genetic females may influence the development of their nervous system in such a way that results in certain cross-gender-typed behaviours. This example demonstrates the effect of _____.
- Aactivating influences
- Bcisgender disposition
- Corganizing influences
- Dself-socialization
65Kohlberg proposed that there are three stages of children's understanding of gender: gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancy. Which of the following statements is most representative of gender constancy?
- A"Girls can have babies, boys cannot."
- B"I am a boy today, but could be a girl tomorrow."
- C"Even if I cut my hair and dress like a boy, I am a girl."
- D"I will always be a girl."
66The complex web of influences - including gender, sexual orientation, race, social class, and other group affiliations - that shape an individual's social identity and experiences is known as ____.
- Agender schema
- Bin-group assimilation
- Cintersectionality
- Dcollaboration
67Alex is a 6 year old boy. His father disapproves when Alex plays with his sister's dolls, but happily engages with him when Alex plays with trucks. This scenario is an example of the influence of ____ in shaping Alex's gender identity.
- Aobservational learning
- Bcollaboration
- Cenactive experience
- Dintersectionality
68Gender segregation refers to:
- Athe tendency of young children to associate with same-gender peers and avoid other-gender peers
- Bthe difference between the sexes in cognitive and behavioural tendencies
- Cthe tendency for an individual to engage in gender-typed behaviours
- Dthe tendency of an individual to retain information that is gender schema-consistent
69The tendency of adolescents to integrate elements of traditional gender roles into their personal values, which can lead to increased gender discrimination, is known as _____.
- Agender-role flexibility
- Bgender-role intensification
- Cassimilation
- Dcollaboration
70The gender similarities hypothesis emphasizes that in areas of cognitive behaviours and social abilities:
- Aall measurable differences between the sexes are trivial
- Bboys and girls develop on parallel but unequal tracks
- Csimilarities between boys and girls far outweigh differences
- Ddifferences between boys and girls outweigh similarities
71Which of the following statements regarding physical maturation is not true?
- AGenetic and environmental factors significantly affect the variability in physical maturation seen among individuals of both sexes
- BThe gender gap in physical and motor skills greatly increases as a result of puberty
- CDespite the physical changes that occur during puberty, researchers have found no evidence of similar psychological or behavioural changes
- DResearchers have found cross-cultural evidence of patterns of body image and eating disorders related to puberty
72The combined influence of gender stereotypes and a child's own perceived competence in a given academic subject is described by which of the following theories?
- Agender intensification model
- Bevolutionary psychology theory
- Cexpectancy-value model of achievement
- DPiaget's theory of gender development
73Small but consistent gender differences have been found in all of the following domains except ____.
- Aself-concept
- Bgeneral intelligence
- Ccommunication skills
- Dmental spatial rotation tasks
74An individual who is high in both assertion and affiliation is likely to display which of the following communication styles?
- Acollaboration
- Bwithdrawal
- Cobliging statements
- Dcontrolling statements
75Rose is a 9 year old girl. She strongly prefers wearing t-shirts and jeans to dresses and other 'girly' clothes. She loves sports and hates playing with dolls.
- Agender-role intensification
- Bcross-gender-typed behaviour
- Ccisgender modeling
- Dgender segregation
76Which of the following statements accurately describes the interaction of nature and nurture?
- ANature does its work before birth, and nurture takes over only after birth.
- BNature's influence continues through infancy before giving way to the influence of nurture.
- CNature and nurture begin interacting on the fetus in the womb and both continue to shape the individual's development throughout life
- DThe role that both nature and nurture play in development is often overstated
77Which of the following is an example of the crucial role that timing plays in the potential impact of a teratogen?
- AThe diet of a pregnant mother will influence taste preferences that the fetus will exhibit after birth.
- BBy age 12 months, infants lose the ability to hear the difference between similar sounds that they do not encounter on a regular basis
- CA virus will cause damage to the development of a fetus if contracted by the pregnant mother at specific sensitive times during pregnancy
- DIt is more difficult for children older than 11 or 12 years of age to gain competence in a new language than it is for younger children
78The emerging field of epigenetics has helped to explain the ways in which a child's environment can influence gene expression. Which of the following is an example of this interaction?
- AChildren with certain types of brain damage will perform on par with other children on IQ tests up to a certain age, but will fall behind after that point.
- BIt is more difficult for children older than 11 or 12 years of age to gain competence in a new language than it is for younger children
- CA child who loses capability in one sense such as sight, will often compensate with enhanced ability in another sense
- DThe amount of stress that a mother experiences during her child's infancy can affect that child's ability to regulate reaction to stress later in life.
79Looking preferences, self initiated activities, self-socialization, and even the manner in which infants react to their parents are all examples of:
- Athe active role children play in their development
- Bthe greater influence that nurture plays compared with nature in child development
- Cthe ways in which development is discontinuous
- Dthe ways in which the sociocultural context shapes development
80Which of the following is an example of the theme of the active child?
- Athe stability of IQ scores on average tends to increase with age
- Bstressful maternal experiences, such as a periodic shortage of food at certain points during pregnancy, will influence the future physical development of the child
- CChildren who exhibit preoperational reasoning in some contexts may also exhibit concrete operational reasoning in others
- DChildren who are better able to regulate their emotions tend to be more socially competent, and therefore elicit more positive reactions from other people, than those who are less skilled at emotion regulation
81Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Freud's theory of psychosexual development, and Erikson's theory of psychosocial development are all examples of:
- Asocial learning theory
- Bthe stage approach to development
- Ctheories based on an empiricist perspective of development
- Dtheories based on the nativist approach to child development
82An infant's attachment to his or her mother will more reliably predict that child's long-term security if there are no significant disruptions in the home environment. This example illustrates:
- Athe degree to which genetic influence on individual differences tends to decrease over time
- Bhow continuity in individual differences is influenced by continuity in the environment
- Cthe manner in which sociocultural differences exert influence on cognitive development
- Dthe role of domain-specific learning mechanisms in child development
83Which of the following statements accurately expresses a key understanding regarding the continuity and discontinuity of development?
- AChild psychologists today generally believe that, for the vast majority of traits, development occurs in a discontinuous manner
- BVery few individual differences in psychological properties show stability over time
- CContrary to the theories by early behavioural psychologists like Piaget and Erikson, developmental processes rarely show a great deal of continuity
- DThe apparent continuity or discontinuity of a given developmental trait depends on the timescale on which it is considered
84Before writing an essay, a child first considers what readers already know about the topic. Which of the four general information-processing mechanisms is illustrated by this example?
- Astrategy formation
- Bbasic processes
- Cmetacognition
- Dcontent knowledge
85Which of the following statements is not true of the development of a child's cognitive abilities?
- AA child's content knowledge in a given area can outweigh an adult's general intellectual ability
- BStatistical learning emerges in middle childhood after the child has begun to understand basic mathematical properties
- CUnderstanding basic causal relationships allows children to infer explanations for a wide variety of observations
- DKnowing multiple strategies for achieving goals helps children adapt to different problems and situations they will face
86Babies who grow in African tribes that strongly encourage infants' motor development tend to walk and reach other motor milestones earlier than do infants in the United States. This is an example of the effect of ____ on development
- Achange mechanisms
- Bhistorical change
- Cdiscontinuity
- Dthe sociocultural context
87Which of the following is not a reason why demographic variables such as gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are particularly useful to child development researchers?
- AEach of these variables relates directly to a wide variety of other individual differences
- BThese variables tend to remain stable over time
- CThese variables have been shown to be a reliable predictor of some future outcomes
- DThese variables tend to be unaffected by environmental factors
88Which of the following is an important contribution that Piaget's theory has made to children's education?
- APiaget helped to delineate the interactions between a child's genes and their environment
- BPiaget' theory emphasizes the importance of the child's active involvement in the learning process
- CPiaget brought attention to the role that cultural influences play in a child's learning
- DPiaget explained cognitive development in terms of a continuous process, rather than as a series of stages
89Habituation is a learning process in which a child becomes familiar with a repeated stimulus. This process can motivate the child to seek out new stimulation. Besides illustrating the role of behavioural mechanisms in a child's development, this example also demonstrates which other theme of child development?
- AThe sociocultural context of an individual's development
- BThe role of the active child
- CThe discontinuity of change over time
- DThe influence of nature over nurture
90What is meant by the following statement? Individual differences are not randomly distributed.
- AA child's performance in one area of development will predict the child's achievement in another, related area
- BA child's genotype will always exert a stronger influence on the child's outcomes than any environmental factors
- CEach individual child is different from all other children
- DA child's performance on one measure of intelligence will not predict the child's performance in another
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- developmental psychology, SFU
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- Hannah De Ocampo
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- English
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