Quiz
Chapter 2 - Studying Behaviour Scientifically
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Questions in this quiz (127)
1In psychology, the scientific attitude is used:
- [blank_start]Curiosity[blank_end]: a passion for exploring and understanding human beings
- [blank_start]Skepticism[blank_end]: to inquire and test any ideas
- [blank_start]Open-mindedness[blank_end]: awareness of our own vulnerability to error and openness to new perspectives- ACuriosity
- BSkepticism
- COpen-mindedness
2A person with a scientific attitude who is always asking "why", would be an example of someone showing [blank_start]curiosity[blank_end].
- Acuriosity
- Bskepticism
- Copen-mindedness
3A person with a scientific attitude who is always asking to see evidence would be an example of someone showing [blank_start]skepticism[blank_end].
- Acuriosity
- Bskepticism
- Copen-mindedness
4A person with a scientific attitude who is always wondering if there might be a better explanation is an example of someone who is displaying [blank_start]open-mindedness[blank_end].
- Acuriosity
- Bskepticism
- Copen-mindedness
5Which of the following would best describe one of the methods of knowing referred to as authority?
- AA willingness to accept ideas as valid knowledge despite contrary evidence and/or a lack of supporting evidence
- BRelying on our guts, our emotions, and/or our instincts to guide us – no intellectual effort or sensory processing
- CInvolves accepting new ideas because someone in a position of respect or power states that they are true
- DUsing logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge
- EAcquiring knowledge through observation and experience
6Which of the following would best describe one of the methods of knowing referred to as empiricism?
- ARelying on our guts, our emotions, and/or our instincts to guide us – no intellectual effort or sensory processing
- BA willingness to accept ideas as valid knowledge despite contrary evidence and/or a lack of supporting evidence
- CInvolves accepting new ideas because someone in a position of respect or power states that they are true
- DAcquiring knowledge through observation and experience
- EUsing logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge
7Which of the following would best describe one of the methods of knowing referred to as intuition?
- AAcquiring knowledge through observation and experience
- BA willingness to accept ideas as valid knowledge despite contrary evidence and/or a lack of supporting evidence
- CRelying on our guts, our emotions, and/or our instincts to guide us – no intellectual effort or sensory processing
- DUsing logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge
- EInvolves accepting new ideas because someone in a position of respect or power states that they are true
8Which of the following would best describe one of the methods of knowing referred to as rationalism?
- AAcquiring knowledge through observation and experience
- BUsing logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge
- CInvolves accepting new ideas because someone in a position of respect or power states that they are true
- DRelying on our guts, our emotions, and/or our instincts to guide us – no intellectual effort or sensory processing
- EA willingness to accept ideas as valid knowledge despite contrary evidence and/or a lack of supporting evidence
9Which of the following would best describe one of the methods of knowing referred to as tenacity?
- AAcquiring knowledge through observation and experience
- BInvolves accepting new ideas because someone in a position of respect or power states that they are true
- CRelying on our guts, our emotions, and/or our instincts to guide us – no intellectual effort or sensory processing
- DUsing logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge
- EA willingness to accept ideas as valid knowledge despite contrary evidence and/or a lack of supporting evidence
10The [blank_start]scientific[blank_end] [blank_start]method[blank_end] is a process of systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions.
- Ascientific
- Bmethod
11Scientists use systematic [blank_start]empiricism[blank_end] to make careful observations under various controlled conditions to test their ideas and use [blank_start]rationalism[blank_end] to arrive at valid conclusions.
- Aempiricism
- Brationalism
12The scientific method can be used to answer all questions.
- ATrue
- BFalse
13The scientific method requires a considerable amount of time and resources.
- ATrue
- BFalse
14[blank_start]Common sense[blank_end] is intuitive beliefs about people’s behaviours, thoughts, and feelings.
- ACommon sense
- BRationalism
- CIntuition
- DTanacity
- EInferential psychology
15Which of the following scenarios is an example of hindsight bias:
- AGeorge has to go to the grocery store. He decides to write a list of things he needs but once he gets to the store, he realizes he forgot his list. Although he is slightly frustrated, he doesn't think much of it and carries on with his day.
- BGeorge has to go to the grocery store. He decides to write a list of things he needs but once he gets to the store, he realizes he forgot his list. He becomes slightly frustrated because after arriving back home, he notices he forgot to buy milk. George said that he knew he would forget to buy milk if he didn't have his list.
- CGeorge has to go to the grocery store. He decides to write a list of things he needs but once he gets in his car, he realizes he forgot his list on the counter. George knows that since he wrote the list, he will remember to get everything on it.
- DGeorge has to go to the grocery store. He decides to write a list of things he needs but once he gets in his car, he realizes he forgot his list on the counter. George thinks that he should probably go get it in case he forgets to get something he needs, but decides not to.
16Which of the following scenarios is an example of judgemental over-confidence:
- AGeorge has to go to the grocery store. He decides to write a list of things he needs but once he gets in his car, he realizes he forgot his list on the counter. George knows that since he wrote the list, he will remember to get everything on it.
- BGeorge has to go to the grocery store. He decides to write a list of things he needs but once he gets in his car, he realizes he forgot his list on the counter. George thinks that he should probably go get it in case he forgets to get something he needs, but decides not to.
- CGeorge has to go to the grocery store. He decides to write a list of things he needs but once he gets to the store, he realizes he forgot his list. Although he is slightly frustrated, he doesn't think much of it and carries on with his day.
- DGeorge has to go to the grocery store. He decides to write a list of things he needs but once he gets to the store, he realizes he forgot his list. He becomes slightly frustrated because after arriving back home, he notices he forgot to buy milk. George said that he knew he would forget to buy milk if he didn't have his list.
17The general scientific [blank_start]approach[blank_end] has three fundamental features (Stanovich, 2010):
- Systematic empiricism: Empiricism refers to learning based on [blank_start]observation[blank_end], and scientists learn about the natural world [blank_start]systematically[blank_end], by carefully planning, making, recording, and analyzing observations of it.
- Empirical questions: These are questions about the way the world actually is and can be answered by systematically [blank_start]observing[blank_end] the world.
- Public knowledge: Scientists publish their work which allows science to be [blank_start]self-correcting[blank_end]. Our current scientific knowledge of most topics is based on many different studies conducted by many different researchers who have shared their work publicly over many years.- Aobservation
- Banalysis
- Cmanipulation
- Didentification
- Etheoretically
- Fsystematically
- Gempirically
- Hjudgementally
- Iapproach
- Jmethod
- Kanalyzing
- Lquestioning
- Mobserving
- Nmanipulating
- Oself-correcting
- Paccurate
- Qquestioned
- Rsocial
18There are many interesting and important questions that are not empirically testable.
- ATrue
- BFalse
19Research is what makes the difference between facts and opinions.
- ATrue
- BFalse
20Facts are judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate.
- ATrue
- BFalse
21 Facts are observable realities.
- ATrue
- BFalse
22In [blank_start]deductive[blank_end] reasoning, ideas are tested against the empirical world.
- Adeductive
- Binductive
23In [blank_start]inductive[blank_end] reasoning, empirical observations lead to new ideas.
- Adeductive
- Binductive
24Steps in the scientific process:
1. Identify a [blank_start]question[blank_end] of interest
2. Gather information and form a [blank_start]hypothesis[blank_end]
3. Test the hypothesis by [blank_start]conducting[blank_end] [blank_start]research[blank_end]
4. [blank_start]Analyze[blank_end] data, draw tentative [blank_start]conclusions[blank_end], and report [blank_start]findings[blank_end]
5. Build a body of [blank_start]knowledge[blank_end]- Aquestion
- Bhypothesis
- Cconducting
- Dresearch
- EAnalyze
- Ffindings
- Gconclusions
- Hknowledge
25Select all that apply to the first step in the scientific process:
- ACuriosity sparks this step
- BDetermine if other studies, theories and other information already exist that might help to answer the question at hand
- CPose a question
- DPrepose research ideas
26Select all that apply to the second step in the scientific process:
- AForm a hypothesis
- BGather information
- CDetermine operational definition for the variables at hand
- DPose a question
27Select all that apply to the third step in the scientific process:
- AAnalyze data
- BForm a theory
- CTest the hypothesis
- DNone of the other options apply
28Select all that apply to the fourth step in the scientific process:
- AAnalyze data
- BDraw tentative conclusions
- CReport findings
- DNone of the other options apply
29Select all that apply to the 5th step in the scientific process:
- AAsk further questions
- BFormulate new hypothesis
- CDetermine whether other studies, theories and other information exist that might help answer the question being posed
- DDraw tentative conclusions
30A [blank_start]hypothesis[blank_end] is a specific prediction about some phenomenon that often takes the form of an "[blank_start]If-Then[blank_end]" statement.
- Ahypothesis
- BIf-Then
31A [blank_start]theory[blank_end] is a set of formal statements that explains how and why certain events are related to one another.
- Atheory
32Scientists use [blank_start]theories[blank_end] to develop new hypotheses, which are then tested by conducting more [blank_start]research[blank_end].
- Atheories
- Bresearch
33A good theory will generate an integrated network of [blank_start]predictions[blank_end].
- Apredictions
- Bhypotheses
- Cmeta-analyses
- Dvariables
34A good theory has several important characteristics:
- It incorporates existing [blank_start]facts[blank_end] and [blank_start]observations[blank_end] within a single broad framework meaning that it organizes information in a meaningful way
- It is [blank_start]testable[blank_end]
- The predictions made by the theory are supported by the findings of new [blank_start]research[blank_end]
- It conforms to the law of parsimony: if two theories can explain and predict the same phenomena equally well, the [blank_start]simpler[blank_end] theory is the preferred one- Afacts
- Bopinions
- Chypothesis
- Dobservations
- Einformation
- Foptions
- Gsituations
- Htestable
- Itangible
- Jpredictable
- Kresearch
- Ltheories
- Mhypotheses
- Nsimpler
- Ocomplex
- Pmore understandable
- Qless understandable
35A [blank_start]variable[blank_end] is any characteristic or factor that can vary.
- Avariable
36An [blank_start]operational[blank_end] [blank_start]definition[blank_end] defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it.
- Aoperational
- Bdefinition
37Operational definitions translate abstract concepts into something observable and measurable.
- ATrue
- BFalse
38Operational definitions translate abstract concepts into something tangible and measurable.
- ATrue
- BFalse
39Select all that are characteristics of a good hypothesis:
- ATestable
- BFalsifiable
- CPositive
- DLogical
- EIntuitive
- FEmpirical
- GRational
40Adam is conducting a research study to if hours of sleep will correlate to caffeine consumption. Select the following variables that will apply to this study:
- AAge
- BHeight
- CHours of sleep
- DThe time participants go to bed
- EThe time participants spend reading during the day
41Adam is conducting a research study to if hours of sleep will correlate to caffeine consumption. The independent variable is:
- AHours of sleep
- BCaffeine consumption
42Adam is conducting a research study to if hours of sleep will correlate to caffeine consumption. The dependent variable is:
- AHours of sleep
- BCaffeine consumption
43____________________ ask people to report on their own knowledge, beliefs, feelings and experiences.
- AUnobtrusive measures
- BConsistent observations
- CSelf-Report measures
- DMeasures of overt behaviour
44Social desirability bias is when participants are unaware that certain responses are being measured.
- ATrue
- BFalse
45We can gather information about someone's behaviour by conducting [blank_start]interviews[blank_end] with or administering [blank_start]questionnaires[blank_end] to other people. This is known as reports by others.
- Ainterviews
- Bquestionnaires
46Measuring reaction time is an example of a way to measure [blank_start]overt behaviour[blank_end].
- Aovert behaviour
- Bsocial desirability bias
- Cphysiological responses
- Dvariability
47Unobtrusive measures...
- Adecrease the desire for participants to answer questionnaires in a socially acceptable manner.
- Brecord behaviour in a way that keeps participants unaware that certain responses are being measured.
- Chelp to ensure that the information being gathered is both valid and reliable.
- Dtest and record physiological responses to assess what people are experiencing.
48Psychologists develop coding systems to record different categories of [blank_start]behaviour[blank_end] to help with [blank_start]reliability[blank_end].
- Areliability
- Bvalidity
- Cbehaviour
- Dvariables
- Eoutcome
- Fresearch
49Researchers measure variables through [blank_start]self-reports[blank_end] and reports by others, measures of [blank_start]overt[blank_end] behaviour, [blank_start]archival[blank_end] measures, psychological [blank_start]tests[blank_end], and physiological measures.
- Aself-reports
- Bsocial desirability bias
- Chindsight bias
- Dprediction
- Eovert
- Fobservable
- Gmanipulated
- Haccepted
- Iarchival
- Jpsychological
- Kphysiological
- Lphysical
- Mtests
- Nquizzes
- Oquestionnaires
- Passessments
50Which of the following research methods seeks to identify how humans and other animals behave, particularly in natural settings?
- ACorrelational
- BDescriptive
- CExperimental
51Correlational methods help to...
- Adescribe behaviour
- Bidentify associations between variables
- Cidentify cause-effect relations
52Descriptive methods...
- Adescribe behaviour
- Bidentify associations between variables
- Cidentify cause-effect relations
53Experimental methods...
- Adescribe behaviour
- Bidentify associations between variables
- Cidentify cause-effect relations
54A case study is a [blank_start]descriptive[blank_end] method of research.
- Adescriptive
55Case studies are an in-depth analysis of an [blank_start]individual[blank_end], [blank_start]group[blank_end] or [blank_start]event[blank_end]. Although they gain a tremendous amount of insight and a deep understanding of those cases or phenomena being studied, focusing attention on a single case can make it difficult to [blank_start]generalize[blank_end] any observations to the larger population. They do not show any [blank_start]cause-effect[blank_end] relation and often suggest directions for further studies.
- Aindividual
- Bgroup
- Cevent
- Dgeneralize
- Ecause-effect
56In [blank_start]naturalistic[blank_end] observation, researchers observe behaviour in its natural context.
- Anaturalistic
57People might change their behaviour in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed so it is critical that the observer be as [blank_start]unobtrusive[blank_end] and as inconspicuous as possible. The concern that behaviour may shift when the presence of an observer is known is referred to as [blank_start]observer[blank_end] [blank_start]bias[blank_end].
- Aunobtrusive
- Bobserver
- Cbias
58In the real world, many variables simultaneously influence behaviour and cannot be disentangled with [blank_start]naturalistic[blank_end] observation.
- Anaturalistic
59The information collected in naturalistic observation is [blank_start]valid[blank_end] and accurate but does not prove [blank_start]cause-effect[blank_end] relations, and the information gathered lacks [blank_start]generalizability[blank_end].
- Avalid
- Breliable
- Ccause-effect
- Dcorrelational
- Egeneralizability
- Fsustainability
- Gevidence
60In naturalistic observation, there can be a concern that researchers may not consistently assess the behaviour; this is known as [blank_start]inter-rater[blank_end] [blank_start]reliability[blank_end].
- Ainter-rater
- Breliability
61The nature of survey research allows for information to be collected from a larger sample of people. How does this impact generalizability?
- AA smaller sample is better able to reflect the social desirability effect within the population, thus allowing less generalizability.
- BA larger sample is better able to reflect the social desirability effect within the population, thus allowing better generalizability.
- CA smaller sample is better able to reflect the diversity of the population, thus allowing for less generalizability.
- DA larger sample is better able to reflect the diversity of the population, thus allowing better generalizability.
62People don't always give accurate responses when participating in research surveys due to the social desirability effect and/or the wording effect. How does this affect possible conclusions drawn from the research?
- AThe social desirability effect and wording effect may impact the validity of the answers to the survey questions. This can pose a risk of unrepresentative samples, leading to faulty generalizations.
- BThe social desirability effect and wording effect may impact the reliability of the answers to the survey questions. This can pose a risk of unrepresentative samples, leading to faulty generalizations.
- CThe social desirability effect and wording effect may impact the validity of the answers to the survey questions. This ensures representative samples, leading to accurate generalizations.
- DThe social desirability effect and wording effect may impact the reliability of the answers to the survey questions. This ensures representative samples, leading to accurate generalizations.
63A [blank_start]population[blank_end] is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.
- Apopulation
64A [blank_start]sample[blank_end] is a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the [blank_start]population[blank_end] in a research study.
- Asample
- Bpopulation
65To draw valid conclusions about a population from a survey the sample must be...
- ARepresentative; reflects the important characteristics of the population.
- BRandom; reflects the important characteristics of the population.
- CRepresentative; every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen to participate in the survey.
- DRandom; every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen to participate in the survey.
66[blank_start]Stratified random sampling[blank_end] is a procedure where the population is divided into subgroups based on characteristics such as gender or ethnicity.
- AStratified random sampling
- BRandom sampling
- CRepresentative sampling
67Surveys do not prove cause-effect relations, however, they are able to collect the same depth of information on each person that would be collected in a case study.
- ATrue
- BFalse
68Researchers employing archival research sometimes will directly interact with research participants.
- ATrue
- BFalse
69[blank_start]Archival[blank_end] research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships.
- AArchival
70Which of the following are limitations of archival research:
- AThere is no guarantee of consistency between the records from one source to another
- BThe ability to find resources that fit the subject of research is often extremely challenging
- CResearch questions have to be tailored so they can be answered within the structure of the existing data sets
- DWhen looking at past records or data sets, researchers must verify the validity of the original findings by recreating a small sample experiment, which can often be time-consuming and costly
- EThere are no limitations to archival research
- FResearchers have no control over what information was originally collected
71[blank_start]Longitudinal[blank_end] and [blank_start]cross-sectional[blank_end] research monitor how people change over time.
- ALongitudinal
- Bcross-sectional
72The following information best describes longitudinal research:
- AData-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.
- BData-gathering is administered repeatedly over a short period of time.
- CResearchers compare multiple segments of the population at the same time.
- DResearchers compare multiple segments of the population at different times.
73The following information best describes cross-sectional research:
- AData-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.
- BData-gathering is administered repeatedly over a short period of time.
- CResearchers compare multiple segments of the population at different times.
- DResearchers compare multiple segments of the population at the same time.
74[blank_start]Correlational[blank_end] research in its simplest form has 3 different components:
1. The researcher measures one variable (x)
2. The researcher measures a second variable (y)
3. The researcher determines whether x and y are [blank_start]related[blank_end]- ACorrelational
- BDescriptive
- CExperimental
- Drelated
- Econfounding variables
- Fintertwined
75Correlational research involves measuring and manipulating variables.
- ATrue
- BFalse
76Correlation does not establish causation.
- ATrue
- BFalse
77In correlational research, you must consider the possibility that one variable (x) has caused the second variable (y), that y, instead, could have caused x, or that both x and y have influenced each other. This interpretative problem is called the [blank_start]bidirectionality[blank_end] problem (i.e [blank_start]two-way[blank_end] [blank_start]causality[blank_end] problem).
- Abidirectionality
- Btwo-way
- Ccausality
78If the association between variables may be artificial, or what scientists call [blank_start]spurious[blank_end], it may be that neither of the variables had a causal effect on the other. Another variable may be the cause of the association; this is known as the [blank_start]third-variable[blank_end] problem.
- Aspurious
- Bthird-variable
79A correlation coefficient is a statistic that indicates the strength and direction of the relation between two variables.
- ATrue
- BFalse
80This image is an example of a positive correlation
- ATrue
- BFalse
81This image is an example of a...
- APositive correlation
- BNegative correlation
- CNull correlation
82Select the following that are true about this image:
- AThis shows a positive correlation
- BThis shows a negative correlation
- CThis shows a null correlation
- DThis graph is a scatterplot
- EThis graph is a frequency distribution
- FThis graph is a histogram
- GThe correlation coefficient for the information in the image would be closest to -1.0
- HThe correlation coefficient for the information in the image would be closest to +1.0
- IThe correlation coefficient for the information in the image would be closest to -0.1
- JThe correlation coefficient for the information in the image would be closest to +0.1
83A [blank_start]positive[blank_end] correlation means that higher scores on one variable are associated with higher scores on a second variable.
- Apositive
- Bnegative
- Cnull
84A [blank_start]negative[blank_end] correlation means that higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second variable.
- Apositive
- Bnegative
- Cnull
85A [blank_start]zero[blank_end] correlation means that the two variables are not related statistically.
- Apositive
- Bnegative
- Czero
86The coefficient of [blank_start]determination[blank_end] (R squared) is a measure of the amount of variability in one variable that is shared by the other.
- Adetermination
- Bcorrelation
- Crepeated measures
87The coefficient of [blank_start]determination[blank_end] is a measure of the percentage of variance in a [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable that is accounted for by its linear relationship with a single [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable.
- Adetermination
- Bcorrelation
- Crepeated measures
- Ddependent
- Eindependent
- Fconfounding
- Gthird
- Hdependent
- Iindependant
- Jconfounding
- Kthird
88How is the coefficient of determination calculated?
- ABy multiplying the value of the correlation coefficient by itself
- BBy multiplying the correlational coefficient by 100 percent
- CThe coefficient correlation and the coefficient of determination are the same value
- DNone of these apply
89The coefficient of determination ranges in value from 0 to 100.
- ATrue
- BFalse
90The value of the coefficient of determination was calculated as 0.09. This indicates that the variables are highly related.
- ATrue
- BFalse
91The value of the coefficient of determination was calculated as 0.81. This indicates that the variables are highly related.
- ATrue
- BFalse
92The only way to establish that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a scientific experiment.
- ATrue
- BFalse
93The [blank_start]experimental[blank_end] group is the group that receives treatment or an active level of the independent variable.
- Aexperimental
94The [blank_start]control[blank_end] group is not exposed to the treatment or receives zero level of the independent variable.
- Acontrol
95[blank_start]Within-subjects[blank_end] design is an experimental design in which the effects of treatments are seen through the comparison of scores of the same participant observed under all the treatment conditions.
- AWithin-subjects
96[blank_start]Between-subjects[blank_end] design is a study in which individuals are assigned to only one treatment or experimental condition and each person provides only one score for data analysis.
- ABetween-subjects
97The [blank_start]order[blank_end] [blank_start]effect[blank_end] is when one characteristic of the variable can affect the next treatment outcome or answer to a survey or question, meaning that the [blank_start]order[blank_end] in which the information is presented can affect the results of an experiment or survey.
- Aorder
- Beffect
- Corder
98[blank_start]Counter[blank_end] [blank_start]balancing[blank_end] is when experimental conditions or treatments are arranged in such a way as to minimize the influence of extraneous factors, such as practice or fatigue, on experimental results.
- ACounter
- Bbalancing
99[blank_start]Random[blank_end] [blank_start]assignment[blank_end] is when participants are assigned to experimental and control groups by chance.
- ARandom
- Bassignment
100Experiments aim to [blank_start]manipulate[blank_end] an independent variable, [blank_start]measure[blank_end] the dependent variable, and [blank_start]control[blank_end] all other variables.
- Acontrol
- Bmanipulate
- Cmeasure
101Internal validity is the degree to which a study or experiment is free from flaws in its internal structure and its results can therefore be taken to represent the true nature of the phenomenon.
- ATrue
- BFalse
102When two variables are intertwined in such a way that we cannot determine which one has influenced the dependent variable, it is known as...
- Aa confounding variable
- Bthe placebo effect
- Cthe experimenter expectancy effect
103When people receiving treatment show a change in behaviour because of their expectations, not because of the treatment itself, it is known as...
- Aa confounding variable
- Bthe placebo effect
- Cthe experimenter expectancy effect
104The unintentional ways researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner that is consistent with the researcher's hypothesis is referred to as...
- Aa confounding variable
- Bthe placebo effect
- Cthe experimenter expectancy effect
105External validity refers to the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other experiments in order to ensure the possibility for replication.
- ATrue
- BFalse
106[blank_start]Replication[blank_end] is the process of repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated.
- AReplication
107[blank_start]Meta-analysis[blank_end] is a statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic to test the overall significance of the findings.
- AMeta-analysis
108A [blank_start]histogram[blank_end] is a graphical display of a distribution. It presents the same information as a [blank_start]frequency[blank_end] table but in a way that is even quicker and easier to grasp.
- Afrequency
- Bhistogram
109[blank_start]Descriptive[blank_end] [blank_start]statistics[blank_end] are procedures for depicting the main aspects of sample data, without necessarily inferring a larger population. Descriptive statistics usually include the [blank_start]mean[blank_end], [blank_start]median[blank_end], and [blank_start]mode[blank_end] to indicate central tendency, as well as the [blank_start]range[blank_end] and standard deviation that reveal how widely spread the scores are within the sample.
- ADescriptive
- Bstatistics
- Cmean
- Dmedian
- Emode
- Frange
110[blank_start]Central[blank_end] [blank_start]tendency[blank_end] is the middle or centre point of a set of scores; it may be estimated by a number of different statistics.
- ACentral
- Btendency
111[blank_start]Standard[blank_end] [blank_start]deviation[blank_end] is a measure of the variability of a set of scores or values within a group, indicating how narrowly or broadly they deviate from the mean.
- AStandard
- Bdeviation
112The [blank_start]mean[blank_end] is the numerical average of a set of scores, computed as the sum of all scores divided by the number of scores.
- Amean
113The [blank_start]median[blank_end] is the midpoint in distribution, that is, the score or value that divides it into two equal-sized halves.
- Amedian
114The [blank_start]mode[blank_end] is the most frequently occurring score in a set of data.
- Amode
115The [blank_start]range[blank_end] is the gap between the lowest and highest scores.
- Arange
116[blank_start]Variance[blank_end] is the measure of the spread, or dispersion, of scores within a sample or population, whereby a [blank_start]small[blank_end] variance indicates highly similar scores, all close to the sample mean, and a [blank_start]large[blank_end] variance indicates more scores at a greater distance from the mean and possibly spread over a larger range.
- AVariance
- Bsmall
- Clarge
117The most common shape for large numbers of data is the [blank_start]normal[blank_end] curve:
- Mode, mean and median overlap
- It is [blank_start]symmetrical[blank_end]
- Most cases fall near the [blank_start]mean[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Fewer[blank_end] cases fall near extremes
- The presence of extreme cases can skew the curve to the left or to the right- Anormal
- Bsymmetrical
- Cabnormal
- Dinferential
- Esymmetrical
- Fasymmetrical
- Gmean
- Hmode
- Imedian
- JMore
- KFewer
118[blank_start]Inferential[blank_end] statistics are the procedures that allow us to make inferences based on our [blank_start]data[blank_end]
- AInferential
- Bdata
119There are three principles that we need to keep in mind when we have to make [blank_start]inferences[blank_end]:
1. [blank_start]Representative[blank_end] samples are better than biased samples – keep in mind what population a study has sampled
2. Less-variable observations are [blank_start]more[blank_end] reliable than those that are more variable – an average is more reliable when it comes from scores with [blank_start]low[blank_end] variability.
3. [blank_start]More[blank_end] cases are better than fewer – averages based on many cases are [blank_start]more[blank_end] reliable than averages based only on a few cases.- Ainferences
- BRepresentative
- Clow
- Dmore
- Emore
- FMore
120To estimate whether a difference between the experimental and control group is meaningful or not, researchers use a calculation that describes the likelihood that the results of a study happened by chance. This is known as statistical significance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
121The output of calculating the statistical significance is something called a [blank_start]p-value[blank_end] – the [blank_start]probability[blank_end] of getting the data pattern we observed purely by chance.
- Aprobability
- Bp-value
122If the p-value we calculated is [blank_start]high[blank_end], then we have observed an outcome that could easily occur by chance. If the p-value is [blank_start]low[blank_end], we can conclude that the outcome is likely not the product of chance.
- Ahigh
- Blow
- Clow
- Dhigh
123If the probability of getting particular results just by chance is less than 7%, then we conclude that the results we observed are unlikely to be happened by chance.
- ATrue
- BFalse
124Null hypothesis testing is a formal approach to deciding between two interpretations of a statistical relationship in a sample. Which of the following are the two interpretations?
- ANull hypothesis
- BAlternative hypothesis
- CTheory hypothesis
- DZero hypothesis
125A person’s voluntary agreement to participate in a procedure on the basis of his or her understanding of its nature, its potential benefits and possible risks and available alternatives is known as [blank_start]informed[blank_end] consent.
- Ainformed
126The process of giving participants in a completed research project a fuller explanation of the study in which they participated than was possible before or during the research is known as [blank_start]debriefing[blank_end].
- Adebriefing
127A researcher who has not disclosed the true purpose of an experiment to a participant has engaged in [blank_start]deception[blank_end].
- Adeception
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- Description
- Psychology Quiz on Chapter 2 - Studying Behaviour Scientifically , created by Morgan King-Roskamp on 26/05/2022.
- Author
- Morgan King-Roskamp
- Language
- English
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