BIOL 106 Final Exam

1. 1What is the molecule of heredity?

   1. Aproteins
   2. Bdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
   3. Cfatty acids
   4. Dcarbohydrates
   5. Elipids
2. 2The components, or monomers, of proteins are:

   1. Aamino acids.
   2. Bneucleotides.
   3. Cfatty acids
   4. Dmonosaccharides.
   5. Ealdehydes.
3. 3The components, or monomers, of nucleic acids are:

   1. Aamino acids.
   2. Bneucleotides.
   3. Cfatty acids
   4. Dmonosaccharides.
   5. Ealdehydes.
4. 4 A fundamental concept of cellular and molecular biology, sometimes termed "biological dogma", is:
   

   1. Aproteins serve as the pattern to produce the functional molecules of cellular structure and function, nucleic acids on the surface of ribosomes.
   2. Bcarbohydrates serve as the pattern to produce the functional molecules of cellular structure and function, nucleic acids on the surface of ribosomes.
   3. Ccarbohydrates serve as the pattern to produce the functional molecules of cellular structure and function, proteins on the surface of ribosomes.
   4. Dnucleic acids serve as the pattern to produce the functional molecules of cellular structure and function, proteins on the surface of ribosomes.
      lipids serve as the pattern to produce the functional molecules of cellular structure and function, carbohydrate on the surface of ribosomes s.
5. 5A gene may be defined as:

   1. Aa section of a DNA molecule that contains the code for one protein.
   2. Ba section of a DNA molecule that codes for an RNA molecule.
   3. Ca nonfunctioning bit of baggage on the DNA molecule that does not appear to code for anything.
   4. Dparasite-like segment of DNA thought to have been viruses at one time.
   5. EAll of the above answers are true of genes.
6. 6The _____________ describes the physical appearance of an organism while the ______________ describes the genetic pattern present in the genome.

   1. Aphenotype, genotype
   2. Bgenotype, phenotype
   3. CDNA. proteins
   4. Dchromosome, gene
   5. Epoint mutation, chromosome
7. 7One source of genetic variation is produced by:

   1. Amutations in the DNA molecule.
   2. Bchanges in the phenotype.
   3. Cnatural selective forces in the environment.
   4. Dalterations in the proteins of an organism.
   5. Emitotic cell division.
8. 8 The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model can be used to predict natural selection pressures. When a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
   

   1. Athere is a change in gene frequencies in the population; it is experiencing natural selection pressures and is evolving.
   2. Bthere is no change in gene frequencies in the population; it is not experiencing natural selection pressures and is not evolving.
9. 9A better adapted phenotype:

   1. Awould be more common than predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
   2. Bwould be at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with less adapted phenotypes.
   3. Cwould be less common than predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
10. 10Genetic drift:

    1. Ais a result of genetic change according to Mendelian genetics in large populations.
    2. Bis the absence of genetic change in a population according to Mendelian genetics.
    3. Ccan be statistically predicted using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation.
    4. Dis the same as natural selection.
    5. Eoccurs randomly in small populations.

11. 11Modern evolutionary synthesis may be simply defined as:

    1. Athe synthesis of ideas from several fields of biology to establish a consistent understanding of evolution.
    2. Bthe discovery if intermediate fossil forms.
    3. CThe discovery of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in population genetics.
    4. DThe establishment of classical, or Mendelian, genetics by Gregor Mendel.
    5. EThe discovery of DNA in 1953.
12. 12The most important characteristic of streams in Trinidad that allowed for measurable, rapid evolution was:

    1. Athe streams were warm because they were located in the tropics.
    2. Bthe streams were short because of their island environment.
    3. Cthe streams are temporary and dry up frequently
    4. Dthe streams are interconnected through underground channels.
    5. Eareas of the streams are isolated by waterfalls because of the steep island environment.
13. 13The Trinidad guppy studies showed that:

    1. Aevolution requires many millions of years.
    2. Bevolution can occur in as few as 4 to 11 years.
    3. Cevolution in isolated guppy populations requires 4 million years.
    4. DIsolation, small populations and strong selection forces are not necessary for rapid evolution to occur.
    5. Eevolution occurs rapidly only in the tropics.
14. 14Beneficial mutations in Escherichia coli can clearly identified as to their location on the genome. The rapid spread of a mutation throughout a population of E. coli indicates:

    1. AThe mutation arose early in the population.
    2. BThe mutation was beneficial in that it increased the fitness of the individuals that possessed it in the population.
    3. CThe mutation had no effect on the fitness of individuals that possessed it.
    4. DThe mutation was detrimental to the fitness of individuals that possessed it.
    5. EThe mutation was randomly distributed throughout the population.
15. 15What would be expected if soapberry bugs were slowly fed seeds of decreasing size, like those of the introduced goldenrain tree??

    1. ABeaks of the soapberry bugs would increase in length.
    2. BBeaks of the soapberry bugs would remain the same length.
    3. CBeaks of the soapberry bugs would decrease in length.
16. 16A greater number of amino acid differences between two species in a common protein shared by the two species:

    1. AThe more distant the common ancestor is that gave rise to both species.
    2. BThe more recent the common ancestor is that gave rise to both species.
    3. CThe fewer the mutations that have accumulated between the two species.
    4. DThe greater the number of amino acids in the protein of one species when compared to the other species.
    5. EThe protein has become nonfunctional in one species.
17. 17Who originated the idea of a tree of life that relates current species to their ancestral forms?

    1. AAlfred Russell Wallace
    2. BCharles Darwin
    3. CCharles Lyell
    4. DWilliam Smith
    5. ECarl Linnaeus
18. 18Traits that are inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor such as those found in limbs are known as:

    1. Aanalogous traits.
    2. Bhomoplastic traits.
    3. Chomologous traits.
    4. Dfossiliferous traits.
    5. Ecladopherous traits.
19. 19Charles Darwin originally noted similarities and differences in Galapagos Islands finches. Using DNA analysis on these finches researchers have confirmed their relationships as established by Darwin. These island finches originated:

    1. Aon the Galapagos Islands
    2. Bon the Cocos Islands farther west in the Pacific Ocean.
    3. Cfrom Australia
    4. Dfrom the Fiji Islands in the South Pacific.
    5. Eon the Central and South American mainland to the east.
20. 20Studies of the FOXP2 gene in mammals illustrate:

    1. Athe evolution of language in humans associated with mutations that produce a change of only two amino acids.
    2. Bprotein differences in mammals other than humans.
    3. Cthe ability to speak in chimpanzees due to the presence of the FOXP2 gene.
    4. Dthe absence of mutations in humans.
    5. Egenetic differences in the FOXP2 gene between mice and chimpanzees.
21. 21The process by which individuals better adapted for their way of life in their new environment preferentially survive to leave more offspring with their traits to future generations is termed:

    1. Anatural selection.
    2. Bnegative selection.
    3. Cgenetic drift.
    4. Dspecial creation.
    5. Eextinction.
22. 22Mutations that do not affect the fitness of a population cause:

    1. Anegative selection.
    2. Bpositive selection.
    3. Cstabilizing selection.
    4. Dgenetic drift.
    5. Eeztinction.
23. 23Natural selection will have the greatest impact on:

    1. Avery small populations.
    2. Bmoderately sized populations.
    3. Cvery large populations.
    4. Dindividuals.
24. 24Drought in the Galapagos Islands tends to increase seed sizes in Tribulus cistoides or caltrop, a major food item for see eating ground finches. How would the increase in seed size impact beak size in the population of Galapagos ground finches over time to increase their fitness to the new, drought environment?

    1. AGround finch beak sizes would not change.
    2. BGround finches would grow smaller.
    3. CGround finch beak size would increase.
    4. DGround finches would grow, on the average, larger while their beak sizes remained the same.
    5. EGround finch beak size would decrease.
25. 25Lactose is a sugar found in milk. Lactose tolerance, the ability to digest milk sugar, is an evolved trait in humans. Our ancestors were lactose intolerant. Lactose tolerance developed in:

    1. Astable agricultural human populations.
    2. Bhunter-gatherer human populations in North America.
    3. Cmodern Asian human populations.
    4. Dseal hunting Inuit populations.
    5. Esocieties of pastoral cattle herders in northwest Europe and Africa,
26. 26North and south facing slopes of Nahal Oren Canyon (evolution canyon) in Israel have different populations of organisms that are genetically different, including fruit flies. What mechanism in fruit flies (genus Drosophila) would allow them to speciate in Nahal Oren Canyon?

    1. AThese fruit flies chose mates only from their own side of the canyon, either the north side or the south side, thereby preserving genetic differences.
    2. BThese fruit flies can intermix from one side of the canyon to another and freely interbreed.
    3. CThese fruit flies in the north side of the canyon are physically isolated from the fruit flies on the south side of the canyon by a physical barrier that prevents them from intermixing and interbreeding.
    4. DThese fruit flies never experience mutations in their DNA that would allow them to speciate.
    5. EThese fruit flies do not experience natural selective pressures that would cause them to speciate.
27. 27New World howler monkeys, African gorillas, langurs and colobus monkeys are all herbivores and eat vegetation such as leaves. In order to extract energy from fiber rich plant material they:

    1. Ado not have to spend much time feeding.
       Correct!
    2. Bhave evolved specialized digestive systems in response to a variety of vegetative foods and rely on fermentation utilizing bacteria in their stomachs.
    3. Cmust supplement their diet with other food sources such as meat.
    4. Dhave stomach and saliva lysozyme genes that are identical for a variety of diets.
    5. Ehave not evolved specialized digestive systems.
28. 28Ptarmigans are:

    1. Aamphibians.
    2. Bfish.
    3. Creptiles.
    4. Dmammals.
    5. Ebirds.
29. 29 Ptarmigans developed gallbladders in response to:
    Correct!
    

    1. Aa new artificial diet rich in fat that induced a previously suppressed gene to become active.
    2. Ba mutation that provided for the evolution of a gallbladder.
    3. Cmating with other birds that possessed gallbladders.
    4. Dgenetic engineering on the ptarmigan's genome.
    5. Ea change in the ptarmigan's genotype because of the introduction of additional genes through viral infection.
30. 30The new science of epigenetics involves:

    1. Athe study of different classes of mutations in the DNA molecule.
    2. Bthe study of changes in regulatory genes.
    3. Cthe study of cellular and physiological phenotypic variations that are not caused by mutations or other changes to the DNA molecule.
    4. Dgenetics based on the RNA molecule.
    5. Ethe science of mapping of ptarmigan's genome.
31. 31Which of the following correctly describes proteins?

    1. AProteins are synthesized from amino acids
    2. BProteins catalyze chemical reactions (enymes)
    3. CThe primary protein structure is a precise sequence of amino Acids
    4. DEnzymes (proteins) act upon their substrate
    5. EAll are correct
32. 32Which of the following are accurate descriptions of enzymes

    1. AEnymes bind their substrate in the active site of the substrate
    2. BThe product is th end result of the enzyme reaction
    3. CpH has no role in enzyme function
    4. DLowering the temperature normally speeds up the enzyme activity
33. 33Enzymes are never consumed or altered while fulfilling their catalytic function

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
34. 34An Assumption and a Hypothesis are the same thing

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
35. 35Which of the following accurately describes the role or function of Bromelain

    1. AA naturally occuring enzyme
    2. BIs a protein
    3. CIs made from a sequence of amino acids
    4. DMakes protein stronger and more resistent
    5. E1,2,3
    6. F1,3,4
36. 36An experimental design must have:

    1. AAn assumption
    2. BA control
    3. CAn experimental protocol (Process)
    4. DDefinitive answer to your experiment is always found
    5. E1,2,3
37. 37By changing the pH and the temperature in this experiment what would you expect?

    1. ANothing will change
    2. BEverything will change
    3. CThe experimental design needs to be changed
    4. DThe assumption can stay the same
    5. E2,3
    6. F2,3,4
38. 38The Results and Discussion of a scientific experiment are one and the same.

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
39. 39What happens to the gelatin during this experiment assuming the pineapple has Bromelain?

    1. AIs broken down
    2. BThe gelatin solidifies
    3. CNeither happens to the gelatin
    4. DThe gelatin decreases its uptake of water
40. 40This experiment has no ramifications for human health

    1. ATrue
    2. BFalse
41. 41An adaptation may be defined as:

    1. Aa genetic mutation that is not expressed as a phenotypic characteristic.
    2. Ba phenotypic characteristic that allows an organism to better survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
    3. Can alteration in the DNA molecule.
    4. Da phenotypic change that does not affect the ability of an organism to survive or reproduce.
    5. Ea phenotypic characteristic that causes the organism to become extinct.
42. 42In laboratory experiments Escherichia coli evolved the ability to metabolize citrate. The evolution of new traits such as the ability of bacteria to metabolize citrate usually:

    1. Ainvolves only one mutation in any evolving organism.
    2. Binvolves a series of mutations that contribute in different ways to the development of a new trait.
    3. Conly occurs in bacteria such as E. Coli
    4. DDoesn't ever occur in lab cultures because of the difficulty of culturing mutated bacteria.
    5. Edoesn't involve any genetic changes at all and are only phenotypic changes.
43. 43The evolution of the eye has always been difficult to explain because of its complexity. Today, scientists;

    1. AStill cannot explain the process by which eyes evolved.
    2. BRely on Darwin's writings in On the Origin of Species to explain eye evolution.
    3. CExplain the evolution of the eye by showing that all photoreceptors and eye forms are the same.
    4. Dhave shown that Opsin photoreceptors have recent evolutionary origins.
    5. Ehave shown that ancient photoreceptors and their genes have given rise to a wide variety of modern photoreceptors and eye forms.
44. 44Convergent evolution is defined as:

    1. Athe evolution of two different lineages into a similar form.
    2. Bthe evolution of two lineages into many different forms.
    3. Cthe absence of the ability to evolve in two lineages.
    4. Dvery different from parallel evolution.
    5. Ethe same as divergent evolution.
45. 45An ecological niche is defined as:

    1. Adefining a predator-prey relationship.
    2. Ba particular food item.
    3. Ca place in the environment suitable to support an organism.
    4. Donly an underground location such as a cave.
    5. Eonly found in the Galapagos Islands.
46. 46Thirteen different species of finches can be found in the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador; the Hawaiian Islands have over 800 different species of fruit flies of the genera Drosophila. What statement would be true of the comparison of finch niches and Drosophila niches?

    1. ABoth finches and Drosophila have fewer than five niches.
    2. BBoth finches and Drosophila have more than one thousand niches.
    3. CThe concept of niche only applies to birds and not fruit flies.
    4. DFinches on the Galapagos Islands have fewer niches available to them than Drosophila have available to them in the Hawaiian Islands.
    5. EThe concept of the niche cannot be compared between finches and Drosophila.
47. 47Cichlid fish in Lake Victoria in East Africa speciated relatively recently. Cichlids in Lake Victoria:

    1. Aspeciated because of dramatic changes in water level in the lake which caused populations of cichlids to be isolated and became extinct because of predation by the Nile perch.
    2. Bspeciated because of the availability of different prey organisms and became extinct because the lake dried up.
    3. Cspeciated because of toxic chemicals dumped in the lake by Uganda; all of the species still exist in Lake Victoria.
    4. Dcontinue to speciate because of a predator, the Nile perch, in Lake Victoria.
    5. Eare no longer evolving new species because of commercial fishing.
48. 48Alpine buttercups, genus Ranunculus, have more species in New Zealand than any other location in the world. Isolation is an important in species formation. What is the isolating factor in New Zealand?

    1. AThe recession and advance of glaciers periodically isolated populations of buttercups so that they undergo speciation.
    2. BThe formation and flooding of New Zealand outlying islands periodically isolated populations of buttercups so that they undergo speciation.
    3. CPopulations of alpine buttercups in New Zealand are never isolated.
    4. DPopulations of alpine buttercups in New Zealand are periodically destroyed by volcanic action and then recreated as a new species.
    5. ENew species of buttercups are being introduced into New Zealand from other locations in the world.
49. 49Vertical orb spider webs:

    1. Apossess major ampullate silk with spiral or corkscrew regions that provide the protein silk with stretchiness.
    2. Bpossess three different types of silk plus an extra sticky coating.
    3. Care characterized by a much stronger major ampullate silk than minor ampullate silk.
    4. Dhave evolved a web pattern that minimizes the energy spent to construct the web.
    5. EAll of the above are true of vertical orb spider webs.
50. 50Which of the following statements best describes vertical orb spider webs.

    1. AVertical orb spider webs are very simple in their structure and function.
    2. BVertical orb spider webs do not have any ancestral spider web patterns and are a completely new evolutionary development.
    3. CSpider webs evolved very recently in arachnid evolution.
    4. DVertical orb spider webs are complex in their structure and this complexity has roots in simpler and older ancestral spider webs.
    5. EVertical orb spider webs are inefficient at catching fast flying insects.
51. 51Creationism may be defined as:

    1. Athe belief that God created all things and, therefore, the theory of evolution is inaccurate.
    2. Bthe process by which organisms adapt to changes in their environment.
    3. Cessentially the same as the theory of evolution.
    4. Dselection for characteristics that allow individuals to be more successful in finding mates.
    5. Ethe result of extinction.
52. 52Observe the following image, Figure 1. Evolution of Man, and then answer the following question: How is this image misleading?

    

    1. AFigure 1 is misleading because man is not related to other primates.
    2. BFigure 1 is misleading because man was created independently of other animals.
    3. CFigure 1 is misleading because evolution is not necessarily a linear progression (from monkeys) toward some predetermined goal (man).
    4. DFigure 1 is misleading because modern evolutionists do not think that man evolved from any ancestral organism.
    5. EFigure 1 is misleading because man has no ancestors who were bipedal (walked upright on two feet).
53. 53What is a "straw man" in logical arguments involving evolution and creation?

    1. AA straw man is a theoretical construct involving the relationships among straws of grass.
    2. BA straw man is an informal fallacy based upon defeating an argument by replacing it with a different argument, "stand up a straw man", and then defeating the substituted argument.
    3. CA straw man is the opponent in any logical argument.
    4. DA straw man is someone who opposes evolution.
    5. EA straw man is always the individual who is proven wrong, or loses, a logical debate.
54. 54Which of the following statements about evolution most accurately corresponds with Darwin's, and modern evolutionists, concept about evolution, adaptation and natural selection?

    1. ABecause the earth is young, 6,000 years old, the process of evolution has not had time to create all of the complexity involved in organisms.
    2. BBecause of the complexity of the eye or hemoglobin it is statistically impossible for account for these structures through the process of evolution.
    3. CNatural selection cannot produce innovations but simply favors one preexisting variant over others.
    4. DEvery living species, including man, is the product of evolution, which has adapted that species to its environment.
    5. EHumans are the pinnacle of evolution and variation and natural selection no longer apply to humans.
55. 55 A populist politician and a presidential candidate who promoted creationism in the 1920's was:

    1. AWilliam Jennings Bryan.
    2. BFranklin D. Roosevelt.
    3. CPat Buchanan.
    4. DThomas Edison.
    5. ECalvin Coolidge.
56. 56 A Gallup poll in 1993, and most recent 2014 Gallup poll results, indicate that the following percentage of Americans believe in some form of creationism.

    1. A4-6%
    2. B10-15%
    3. C25-33%
    4. D42-46%
    5. E71-80%
57. 57 Because the teaching of creationism has been banned in publicly funded schools, creationists have most recently relabeled creationist ideas into a concept entitled:

    1. Athe Scopes trial.
    2. Bintelligent design (ID).
    3. Cflood creationism
    4. Dhomeopathism
    5. EDarwinism
58. 58 The concept of complexity is important in discussion of evolution. Creationists assume that complex results arise from complex causes. More recently scientists from evolutionary biologists to physicists and mathematicians are studying a field in which complex results arise from simple causes. This field is termed:

    1. Aemergent complexity, emergence or emergent properties.
    2. Bnatural selection.
    3. Cchaos theory.
    4. Dirreducible complexity.
    5. Edesigning intelligence or designing purpose.
59. 59 The defendant, John Scopes, in the 1925 Scopes trial in Dayton, Tennessee:

    1. Ahad murdered a neighbor and was charged with manslaughter.
    2. Bwas found guilty of breaking a state law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the classroom of a public school in Tennessee.
    3. Cwas found innocent of breaking a state law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the classroom of a public school in Tennessee.
    4. Dwas found guilty of teaching creationism in the classroom of a public school.
    5. Ewas found guilty of grand larceny in the theft of biology textbooks containing a discussion of evolution from a public school.
60. 60 A major difference in philosophy behind evolution and creationism is

    1. AEvolutionary theory does not support a purpose or goal but is based on randomness in nature; creationism is based on the presence of a higher power responsible for purpose and design in nature.
    2. BEvolutionary theory supports a factual, materialistic explanation for biological complexity; creationism states that biological complexity cannot be explained by evolutionary biochemical mechanisms.
    3. CEvolutionary theory is not based upon any benevolence or morality in natural structures but resides totally upon random variability, natural selection and adaptation; creationism tends to regard the presence of a creator or designer in intelligent design that possesses a benevolent and charitable nature.
    4. DEvolutionary theory has yet to completely explain the presence of complexity in the natural world; creationists believe that because we cannot fully explain complexity evolutionary theory is wrong and there must exist an overall creative power or intelligent designer.
    5. EAll of the above statements about the differences between evolution and creationism are true.
61. 61 The function of sexual reproduction in both plants and animals is to:

    1. Aprovide showy flowers for decoration
    2. Bprovide hummingbirds with long bills and tongues.
    3. Cprovide genetic variability for natural selection and adaptation.
    4. Dto explain hummingbird behavior.
    5. Eprovide offspring that are identical to the parent plant.
62. 62 Flowers have evolved to:

    1. Aprovide flowering plants a means of sexual reproduction.
    2. Bprovide animals with nectar.
    3. Callow hummingbirds to migrate long distances.
    4. Dprovide bees with pollen that supplies them with essential protein.
    5. Eprovide aesthetic beauty to a meadow.
63. 63 Wind pollinated flowers such as grasses:

    1. Apossess showy red petals.
    2. Bpossess show yellow petals.
    3. Cinclude nectaries in their structure.
    4. Dare pollinated by animals and, therefore, have strong scent glands.
    5. Epossess plain flowers not easily noticed because animals are not involved in their pollination.
64. 64 The most highly coevolved animal pollinated flowers are:

    1. Adaffodils.
    2. Borchids.
    3. Croses.
    4. Ddandelions.
    5. EMagnolias
65. 65 Nectaries in flowers pollinated by animals function to:

    1. Aprovide sugary nectar that attracts the animal to visit the flower and pollinate it.
    2. Bserve as a source for pollen grains in the male flower.
    3. Csynthesize the protein that colors the flower.
    4. Dprovide an enclosed location where the embryos develop.
    5. Edisperse seeds after pollination occurs and the embryo and seed develop.
66. 66 Which of the following animals would be likely to be coadapted with a flower for pollination?

    1. Aelk
    2. Bhummingbird
    3. Cfrog
    4. Dmouse
    5. Ehawk
67. 67 An allele is:

    1. AA paired chromosome.
    2. BA protein produced from a gene on a chromosome.
    3. CA functional RNA molecule.
    4. DAn amino acid.
    5. EOne of a pair of genes at the same DNA locus on a pair of chromosomes.
68. 68 Phenotypic characteristics that result from a particular genotype are defined as:

    1. Athe physical expression of genes in an organism that results in visible features that can be acted upon by natural selection.
    2. Ball of the organism's DNA.
    3. Cthe organism's chromosomes.
    4. Dthe characteristics of the organism's nucleus.
    5. Ethe same as the organism's genotype that can be acted upon by natural selection.
69. 69 A plant with the genotype RR would have flowers of what color?

    1. Agreen
    2. Bpink
    3. Cred
    4. Dwhite
70. 70 The genotype rr for flower color would be termed:

    1. Aheterozygous dominant.
    2. Bheterozygous recessive.
    3. Chomozygous dominant.
    4. Dhomozygous recessive.
71. 71 Evidence of extraterrestrial organic molecules and/or evidence of life has been found:

    1. Ain space craft stored in area 51 in the Nevada desert.
    2. Bby analyzing starlight for organic elements.
    3. Cby analyzing meteorites for traces of life, or at least organic molecules, after they survive the trip through the earth's atmosphere.
    4. Dby analyzing moon rocks.
    5. Eby analyzing solar flares.
72. 72 The earth was formed about __________while the first signs of life appeared about ___________.

    1. A6, 000 years ago, 4, 000 years ago.
    2. B100, 000 years ago 40, 000 years ago.
    3. C20 million years ago, 4 million years ago
    4. D4.6 billion years ago, 3.5 billion years ago.
    5. E13.2 billion years ago, 5 billion years ago.
73. 73 Did early humans hunt dinosaurs?

    1. AYes, dinosaur bone scrapings and cut marks indicate that early humans hunted and ate dinosaurs.
    2. BNo, dinosaurs became extinct 66 million years ago; the earliest hominids did not evolve until 7 million years ago; there was a long period between in which mammals evolved.
    3. CNo, early man just missed the extinction of dinosaurs about 8 million years ago.
    4. DYes, hunting by early man caused dinosaurs to go extinct about 5 million years ago.
    5. EYes, not only did early man hunt dinosaurs but carnivorous dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex hunted early man.
74. 74 The three approaches for determining the origin of life on earth include:

    1. Athe “organic soup” hypothesis, the study of early fossils, and the extraterrestrial source of life.
    2. Bthe study of dinosaurs, plesiosaurs and pterosaurs.
    3. Cthe energy sources sunlight, geothermal energy and radioactive rocks.
    4. Dthe different levels of organization: prokaryotes, eukaryotes and animals.
    5. Ebiology, astrology and alchemy
75. 75 Panspermia is the hypothesis about the origin of life that states that:

    1. Athe earliest life forms of life originated in volcanoes.
    2. Blife arises spontaneously on earth at all times in the earth's history.
    3. Cliving forms have always existed in their current forms.
    4. Dlife originated elsewhere in the universe and colonized earth by travelling in, and surviving entering the earth's atmosphere, in meteorites.
    5. Eall life is dependent upon and arose within the sun.
76. 76 The earliest life forms on earth were:

    1. Aprimitive invertebrate animals, like horseshoe crabs.
    2. Bferns.
    3. Cbacteria.
    4. Dprimitive mushrooms.
    5. Ejellyfish.
77. 77 In 1967 Lynn Margulis proposed the hypothesis that eukaryotic cells arose from endosymbiosis of prokaryotic, bacterial cells. Her hypothesis was not well received by mainstream biologist. Since then much new data supports the endosymbiosis hypothesis of the origin of eukaryotic cells. This endosymbiotic hypothesis states that:

    1. Aanimal parasites are adapted to their animal hosts; plant parasites are adapted to their plant hosts.
    2. Beukaryotic cell organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria evolved from symbiotic relationships among prokaryotic, or bacterial, cells.
    3. Cmulticellular animals and plants evolved within the bodies of their host organisms.
    4. Deukaryotic cells evolved in parallel with prokaryotic cells, each having very different ancestors.
    5. Eprokaryotic cells have ancestral eukaryotic cells that became highly simplified and lost all internal organelles.
78. 78 Early, ancestral forms of multicellular plants and animals are not found in the fossil record because:

    1. Atheir bodies were soft and did not fossilize before they decomposed.
    2. Bsingle celled eukaryotes developed directly into complex multicellular forms that fossilized easily.
    3. Ccomplex multicellular forms are actually aggregates of bacterial cells because only bacteria and complex multicellular forms are found in the fossil record.
    4. Dancestral forms of multicellular plants and animals are identical to modern forms.
    5. Eearly ancestral forms of plants and animals were eaten and digested by later descendent forms.
79. 79 Easily visible multicellular plants and animals arose:

    1. A4.6 billion years ago.
    2. B3.5 to 3.47 billion years ago.
    3. C570 million years ago.
    4. D60 million years ago.
    5. E7 million years ago.
80. 80 The key environmental change that allowed complex multicellular plants and animals to evolve quickly was:

    1. Aa dramatic increase in solar radiation that provided energy.
    2. Ba dramatic increase in volcanic activity that warmed the earth's surface.
    3. Cthe impact of a giant meteorite in Yucatan, Mexico 60 million years ago that caused climate change and dinosaurs to become extinct.
    4. Da dramatic warming of the earth's atmosphere caused by an increase in carbon dioxide from volcanic emissions.
    5. Ea dramatic increase in atmospheric oxygen concentrations from photosynthesis of simpler, prokaryotic algal forms that allowed organisms to extract much more energy from their prey to support a much larger and more complex body form.
81. 81 What are the two great lineages of primates?

    1. Ahumans and chimpanzees
    2. Bhumans and lemurs
    3. Clemurs and tropical primates such as galagos and lorises
    4. Dhowler monkeys and colobus monkeys
    5. Egalagos and lemurs
82. 82 Our earliest hominin ancestor lived __________ years ago.

    1. A7 million
    2. B4 million
    3. C2.6 million
    4. D1.8 million
    5. E200,000 years ago
83. 83 Human ancestors diverged to form three lineages: Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans:

    1. A7 million
    2. B4 million
    3. C2.6 million
    4. D1.8 million
    5. E800,000 years ago
84. 84 Why is vision important to primates?

    1. APrimates use vision rather than smell to identify food because primate ancestors identified ripe fruit to eat by color.
    2. BPrimates depend upon vision rather than smell to communicate in a group setting to select mates.
    3. CPrimate ancestors used vision to estimate distances when brachiating, or swinging through trees.
    4. DAll of the above answers are true of the importance of vision to primates.
85. 85 Which of the following statements about human variation and race is most accurate?

    1. AEach different race of humans, Africans, Europeans, and Asians, possesses a dramatically different set of alleles in their genetic makeup.
    2. BRaces arising in Africa possess a dramatically different set of alleles in their genetic makeup than European or Asian races.
    3. CAlleles in the genetic makeup of European and Asian races are a subset pf alleles in the genetic makeup of African races.
    4. DThere is no difference the alleles of all races.
    5. EEuropeans and Africans are the two races that have the most similar alleles in their genetic makeup.
86. 86 What is the most important characteristic identifying early hominids?

    1. AAncestral hominids possess ankle, knee and pelvic structure that allows them walk upright freeing the hands.
    2. BHominid fossils possess much larger brain cases than non-hominids.
    3. CHominid fossils are always found with stone tools.
    4. DHominid fossils are always found in groups because of the social hominid structure.
    5. EHominid fossils skulls always possess large canine teeth.
87. 87 What characteristic of Ardipithecus made him a hominid primate related to us and different from a chimpanzee?

    1. AArdipithecus possess a wrist that flexed far backwards at the wrist indicating upright walking unlike a chimpanzee that has a rigid wrist for knuckle walking.
    2. BArdipithecus was discovered with stone tools while chimpanzees are never associated with stone tools.
    3. CArdipithecus was discovered with charred remains of cooking fires while chimpanzees do not use fires to cook food.
    4. DArdipithecus possess leg muscles with opposable toes.
    5. EArdipithecus possessed an enlarged cranium.
88. 88 Dominance hierarchies:

    1. Aare important in competitive primate social groups including old world monkeys, apes and humans because they reduce energy expended and injuries during competition for mates and food.
    2. Bare important for birds like parrots because they allow them to mimic human speech.
    3. Care always present in social insects like honeybees and ants to allow the colony to function normally.
    4. Dnever change in primate social groups once they are established.
    5. Eare present in all mammalian species and, therefore, an intrinsic characteristic of that class of vertebrates.
89. 89 When changing social group membership primates, including humans,:

    1. Amust carefully cultivate new relationships among preexisting members of that social group to be productive and avoid being ostracized from the group.
    2. Bmay ignore the social structure of the group the immigrant is entering.
    3. Cthe immigrant must always attempt to dominate the individuals in the new social group.
    4. Dalways occupy a preexisting role in the new group that corresponds to the immigrant's role in the old social group.
    5. Enever incorporate new immigrants into preexisting social groups where the group social structure is genetically determined.
90. 90 When "climbing the ladder" of social hierarchy primates and humans utilize strategies to gain more influence in a social group. Which of these strategies may be successfully used under different conditions to successfully participate in the social group?

    1. Athe "good citizen" or unobtrusive immigrant who works hard and keeps a low profile,
    2. Bthe "young turk" or the new challenging immigrant who possesses aggressive self-confidence,
    3. Cthe political strategist utilizing dynamics of power of the group for advancement in the group hierarchy
    4. Dthe current social group resident that utilizes the immigration of new individuals in the group to advance his own objectives.
    5. EAll of the above strategies can be used to successfully participate in a social group.
91. 91 The human genome has recently been studied and decoded. Analysis of human genetics around the world indicate that modern humans (Homo sapiens) first evolved in:

    1. ANorth America.
    2. BAfrica.
    3. CHawaii.
    4. DAustralia.
    5. EEurope.
92. 92 The first modern Homo sapiens migration from their point of origin throughout the rest of the world occurred:

    1. Abetween 120,000 and 60,000 years ago.
    2. Bbetween 500,000 and 450,000 years ago
    3. Cbetween 7 million and 6 million years ago.
    4. D60 million years ago.
    5. E570 million years ago.
93. 93 The "mitochondrial eve" hypothesis allows researchers to trace our genetic origins through similarities and differences in DNA. This hypothesis and analysis is based upon:

    1. AThe ability to label and trace maternal genes back through many generations.
    2. BThe ability to analyze maternal nuclear DNA for similarities and differences between different geographical populations.
    3. CArguments that have been proven false because none of the DNA in the cell can be traced.
    4. DThe mitochondrial DNA is always inherited through the egg from the maternal line and can be directly traced back to the original source---"mitochondrial eve".
    5. EThe idea that mitochondrial DNA is passed from both the mitochondria of the father and the mitochondria of the mother.
94. 94 Mitochondrial eve is direct ancestor of all modern Homo sapiens. She is thought to have lived:

    1. A6 million years ago
    2. Bbetween 500,000 and 450,000 years ago
    3. Cbetween 100,00 and 200,000 years ago
    4. D12,000 years ago
    5. E4,004 years ago.
95. 95 Homo sapiens is the only species of the genus Homo.

    1. ATrue, we have no other close relatives.
    2. BFalse, there are at least seven other species in the genus Homo.
96. 96 Evolution is referred to as a "theory". Which of the following statements best describes our modern understanding of evolution?

    1. AEvolutionary theory is still at the level of a hypothesis to be yet substantiated by empirical data.
    2. BEvolution is based upon creationism and intelligent design which posits a goal or purpose for organism form and function.
    3. CThe pattern and process of evolutionary theory is well established and supported by numerous phenotypic and genetic empirical studies.
    4. DLittle has been discovered about evolution since Darwin's time.
    5. EDarwin's original theory of evolution has been proven wrong by modern day neoevolutionary scientists based upon experimental data.
97. 97 Theodosius Dobzhansky reviews the great diversity of 1.5-2 million different species including highly specialized and "whimsical" species. He states that:

    1. AThe only explanation that makes sense is that the organic diversity has evolved in response to the diversity of environment.
    2. BThe evolutionary process tends to fill up the available ecologic niches
    3. Cthe environment presents challenges to living species, to which the later may respond by adaptive genetic changes.
    4. DNatural selection may cause a living species to respond to the challenge by adaptive genetic changes. These changes may enable the species to occupy the formerly empty ecologic niche as a new opportunity for living,
    5. EAll of the above statements are true about the great diversity of species on earth.
98. 98 What are two universal concepts from comparative anatomy and embryology that apply to evolution?

    1. AInsect and bird flight structures from comparative anatomy and embryonic wing development
    2. BHomologous structures from comparative anatomy and similarities in embryonic structures of diverse animals from embryology
    3. CAbsolute cranial size from comparative anatomy and development of intelligence from embryology
    4. DNatural selection from comparative anatomy and mutation from embryology
    5. EHomo racial differences from comparative anatomy and relative fitness from embryology
99. 99 Which of the following statements best describes evolution?

    1. AEvolution is a theory that is hypothetical and not supported by empirical evidence.
    2. BEvolutionary theory has not changed since Darwin's time.
    3. CEvolution is a well-supported theory; only the specific mechanisms of evolution are debated among evolutionary scientists.
    4. DEvolution is a major cause of global warming.
    5. EEvolutionary theory is not a major component of biological sciences.
100. 100 Which of the following statements best describes recent human evolution?

     1. AHumans are no longer evolving because of global trade, travel, and intermarriage.
     2. BHumans are no longer subject to genetic variation and natural selection.
     3. CHumans are definitely still evolving because of the same natural and sexual selection forces that function on other organisms.
     4. DThe only method of evolution available to humans today is through artificial replacement of body parts
     5. EBecause of advanced human technology it is no longer possible for humans to become extinct.

Description

Biology Quiz on BIOL 106 Final Exam, created by Adam Adame on 13/05/2023.

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Adam Adame

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Created on 13 May 2023 · updated on 13 May 2023

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biology

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