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Child Development Final Exam
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Questions in this quiz (183)
1The intelligence-test approach is also called the......approach
- APsychometric
- BIntellectual assessment
- CAchievement test
- DBell curve
2An IQ test necessarily involves
- AAn evaluative component that is impossible to escape
- BNot just differences but ordered differences
- CRacial bias
- Dboth a and b
3One reason why the psychometric approach has been more controversial than Piaget’s approach is that
- APiaget’s emphasis was on goals of development, and the psychometric approach emphasized
similarities in children’s development. - Bthe psychometric approach identifies ordered differences in children’s intelligence level, whereas
Piaget emphasized individual differences in rates of growth. - Cthe psychometric approach identifies ordered differences in children’s intelligence level, whereas
Piaget emphasized similarities in children’s development. - DPiaget’s emphasis is on evaluation, whereas the psychometric approach emphasizes norms.
- APiaget’s emphasis was on goals of development, and the psychometric approach emphasized
4Which of the following approaches has provided the most practical application (most pragmatic)
- ASociocultural
- BPsychometric
- CPiagetian
- DInformation processing
5How does the intelligence test approach to cognitive development differ from both the Piagetian and information processing perspectives
- AThe intelligence test approach is more scientific
- BThe intelligence test approach emphasizes individual differences in children's intelligence
- CThe intelligence test approach emphasizes basic processes
- DThe intelligence test approach emphasizes the origins of knowledge
6The psychometric approach differs from the Piagetian and information processing approaches in which way?
- AIt is normative rather than idiographic
- BIt does not allow us to make value judgments about children
- CIt can make a difference in a child's life (what kid of schooling he will receive)
- DIt is the most theoretically-based approach
7The first successful intelligence test was invented
- AIn Paris by Jean Piaget
- BAt Stanford University by David Wechsler
- CIn Paris by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
- DIn the Soviet Union by Lev Vygotsky
8The purpose of the first intelligence test was to
- ADetermine admittance to Stanford University
- BAssess fitness for military service during World War 1
- CDistinguish between children who could succeed in school with additional help and those incapable of succeeding within the normal school curriculum
- DServe as a research tool in assessing whether intelligence is due primarily to genetic or environmental influences
9Items included on the original intelligence tests were
- ABased on Piaget's theory of cognitive development
- BSelected on the basis of how well they distinguished between academically successful and unsuccessful children
- CDerived from the information processing approach to cognition
- DAdapted from children's problem-solving behaviour in natural environments
10How is the current version of the Stanford-Binet similar to the original intelligence test?
- AIt is a global measure of intelligence
- BIt is a test of adult intelligence
- CIt is divided into a verbal scale and a performance scale
- DIt includes only nonverbal questions
11One characteristic common to all standardized tests of intelligence is that the IQ scores are
- AA function of how the child's performance compares with the performance of other children of the same age
- Blikely to increase with age
- Call above average
- Dbased on an absolute metric of intelligence, the stanford-binet
12How do the Wechsler tests differ from the Stanford-Binet?
- AThe Wechsler tests assess the quality of children's home environment
- BThe Wechsler tests measure childhood intelligence
- CThe Wechsler tests measure everyday reasoning, not academic skills
- DThe Wechsler tests are divided into four scales assessing different aspects of intellectual functioning
13The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th edition) measures perceptual reasoning by items that include
- ATesting vocabulary and general information
- BReproducing a design using coloured blocks
- CShort-term memory and mental arithmetic
- DCopying symbols paired with numbers
14The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th edition) measures perceptual reasoning by items that include
- Atesting vocabulary and general information
- Breproducing a design using colour blocks
- Cshort-term memory and mental arithmetic
- DCopying symbols paired with numbers
15John is undergoing intelligence testing in the context of a neuropsychological evaluation. The
psychologist informs him that his working memory is in the average range for his age. How did
the psychologist test this?- ATesting his vocabulary and general information
- BReproducing a design using colour blocks
- CShort-term memory and mental arithmetic
- DCopying symbols paired with numbers
16The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
- Ais not an IQ test
- Bis criticized for being culturally biased
- Cis based on information-processing conceptions of intelligence
- Dis not theoretically based
17The Bayley Scales of Infant Development measures
- Aonly motor skills such as muscular coordination
- Bonly mental skills such as memory and sensory-perceptual acuity
- Cmental skills and language development
- Dmotor skills and mental skills
18Cathy is 18 months old and is undergoing testing by a psychologist to evaluate whether she
is suffering from an intellectual disability or not. What test is the psychologist most likely to
use?- AThe Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
- BThe Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III)
- CThe Bayley Scales of Development
- DAll of the above alternatives are correct
19Bill, who is 30 months old, has just been administered the Bayley Scales of Development. He obtained average results on all of the subscales. What does this predict?
- ABill is of average intelligence
- BBill will score in the average range on later IQ tests
- CBills suffers from intellectual disability
- DNo later IQ score can be predicted from the Bayley scales
20Test reliability refers to
- AHow well a test predicts a child's performance in school
- BWhether a test measures what it is supposed to measure
- CWhether repeated presentations of the test yield consistent results
- DWhether the test is correlated with school achievement
21To determine criterion validity, we must specify a (blank) measure of the attribute we are attempting to assess
- Areliable
- Bconsistent
- Cunrelated
- Dexternal
22The most common external criterion applied to intelligence tests has been
- ASchool performance
- BPerformance on the Stanford-Binet
- CResponse to novelty and automatization of processing
- DSuccess at solving problems in the natural environment
23The average correlations between school performance and scores on the Stanford-Binet are around
- A.5
- B.85
- C.9
- D1.00
24Which of the following accurately reflect this textbook teachings on IQ tests?
- AIQ tests tap cognitive skills that are universally important
- BIQ tests do measure something of what we mean by intelligence in our culture
- CUnfortunately, there are no alternative to IQ within the psychometric tradition
- DThe correlation between IQ and academic performance is 1.00
25Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to assess
- Areaction time
- Bthe organization or structure of intelligence
- Cautomatization of processing
- Dreliability of IQ
26The earliest proponent of the general intelligence view was
- ACharles Spearman
- BLouis Thurstone
- CJ.P. Guildford
- DArthur Jensen
27In Charles Spearman's theory, "g" stands for
- AGeneral intelligence
- BSpecific intelligence
- CMotivation level
- DGenetic background
28The consistent finding of positive correlations among different measures of intelligence is MOST supportive of the idea that
- Athere is no such thing as general intelligence
- Bintelligence is genetically determined
- Ccultural influences on intelligence are minimal
- Dintelligence is one unitary trait
29The fact that correlations among different measures of intelligence are far from perfect. MOST strongly supports that idea that
- Aintelligence is one unitary trait
- Bthe most intelligent individuals possess the greatest number of intelligences
- Cspecific subskills of intelligence exist
- Dintellectual ability is largely determined by genetics
30How is intelligence portrayed in a hierarchical model of intelligence?
- Aintelligence is seen as a single unitary trait
- Bthere is a general kind of intelligence that distinguishes people, but also many specific subskills underneath the general ability
- Cindividuals are placed along a hierarchy of how many different kinds of intelligence they possess
- Ddifferent kinds of intelligence are believed to reflect the evolution of different brain structures
31What is the most common explanation given for the fact that infant intelligence is a poor predictor of later intelligence?
- AInfant intelligence tests are not reliable measures of infant intelligence
- BIntelligence in later childhood is solely the product of environmental influences, so one would not expect high correlations between infant intelligence, which may be attributed to genetic influences, and later intelligence
- Cchildhood measures of intelligence are not valid measures of childhood intelligence
- Dintelligence in infancy requires different skills than later intelligence
32The argument that there is discontinuity between the nature of intelligence in infancy and childhood is not supported by research on
- Ahigher order thinking
- Babstract thinking
- Cresponse to novelty
- Dsensorimotor skills
33The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence does not measure
- Alooking time
- Bresponse to novelty
- Ca variable that shows continuity between infancy and childhood
- Dmotor skills
34Your baby nephew seems to be very alert and responds very quickly to novelty. For instance, he’ll
show an especially strong visual preference for a new toy or object compared with a more familiar
one. According to your text, your nephew and other babies like him tend to do- Awell on later IQ tests
- Bpoorly on later IQ tests because they have difficulty focusing
- Cparticularly well on later spatial reasoning tests
- Dparticularly well on later verbal reasoning
35Adam's IQ was assessed when he was 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years of age. Which of the following is
most likely?- AAdam's IQ at age 3 is not a good a predictor of his IQ at age 18 as his IQ at age 12 is
- BAdam's IQ will be stable from age 3 to 18
- CAdam's IQ ranking in comparison to his cohort will be consistent across time
- DAdam's IQ will fluctuate more when his is older when he is younger
36Longitudinal studies of IQ change during childhood suggests that
- Asome children may show shifts in IQ as large as 40 points or more
- Bthe majority of children show shifts in IQ at least as large as 30 points
- Cmost children shows increases in IQ over the course of childhood
- Dthe average correlation between IQ measured at age 3 and that at age 18 is approximately .80
37Which of the following issues is relevant to a discussion of IQ
- ANormative versus idiographic
- BContinuity versus discontinuity
- CNature versus nurture
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
38It is difficult to separate environmental and genetic influences on IQ even in studies of adopted children because
- Aalthough the separation of mother and infant does not always occur at birth, the biological mother provides none of the postbirth environment
- Bthe adoptive mother makes important prenatal environmental contributions to intelligence
- Cadoption agencies often try to match characteristics of adoptive parents with those of biological parents
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
39Adoption studies suggest that IQ scores of adopted children
- Acorrelate more strongly with the IQs of their adoptive parents than the IQs of their biological mothers
- Bare lower, on average, than those of children reared with their biological parents
- Ccorrelate more strongly with the IQ of their biological mother than the IQ of their adoptive parents
- Dare highly correlated with their non-biological siblings
40Tamara is an adopted child. Studies suggest her performance on intelligence tests will likely
- Abe above 100
- Bcorrelate more strongly with the IQ scores of her adoptive parents than her biological parents
- Cremain below average throughout childhood and adulthood
- Dcorrelate more strongly with the IQ of her adoptive siblings than the IQ of her biological mother
41A plausible explanation for the fact that adopted children have higher than average IQ scores is that
- Abeing separated from one's biological parents controls for the effects of genes
- Badoption removes the confound of genes and environment
- Cearly rearing experiences are less important
- Dadoptive parents tend to be highly motivated
42The conclusion to be drawn in studies of adopted children is that
- Aboth genetic and environmental influences play a role in the development of intelligence
- Bthe level of intelligence an individual attains is due primarily to genetic factors
- Cthe level of intelligence an individual attains is due primarily to environmental factors
- Dbiological mothers of adopted children tend to have, on average, lower IQs than other mothers
43The strongest support for a large genetic influence on IQ would be provided by
- Aa high positive correlation between the IQs of separated monozygotic twins who were separated at birth and who grew up in extremely different environments
- Ba high positive correlation between the IQs of dizygotic twins who were raised together
- Ca higher positive correlation between the IQs of adopted children and their adoptive parents than between adopted children and their biological parents
- Da high positive correlation between the IQs of non biological siblings raised together
44Heritability refers to
- Athe proportion of genes associated with a given trait such as intelligence
- Bthe proportion of variance in a trait that can be attributed to genetic variance in the sample being studied
- Cthe rate at which a given trait is shared by siblings
- Dthe probability that a child will inherit a given trait from his or her parents
45The most widely accepted contemporary estimate of heritability of IQ is around
- A.8
- B80% of IQ
- C.4 to .7
- D0
46What does the heritability statistic estimate?
- AThe extent to which differences among people on a given trait come from differences in their genes as opposed to differences in their environment
- Bthe degree of physical similarity between parents and offspring
- CThe extent to which environments within a sample are free to vary
- DThe likelihood of inheriting a given trait from one's parents
47The heritability of IQ in a given sample is .80. What does that figure tell us about the heritability of IQ in an entirely different sample
- AThe heritability of IQ is likely to be .80
- Bknowing the heritability of IQ in one sample tells us nothing for certain about the heritability of IQ in an entirely different sample
- CGenetic influences on IQ are greater than environmental influences in all samples
- DThe proportion of each individual's IQ that is due to heredity is 80%
48Performance on IQ tests has improved steadily ever since the tests were first introduced, with an average gain of about 3 points per decade. This phenomenon is called the
- AFlynn effect
- Bcontiguity effect
- Ccohort effect
- Dheritability effect
49Within-group genetic differences in IQ provide (blank) between-group differences in the heredity of IQ
- Aa good estimate of
- Ba reasonable estimate of
- Ca poor estimate of
- Dno direct evidence for
50Sameroff et al. followed a sample of children from age 4 to 14 found that
- AIQ was negatively related to a number of risk factors
- Brisk factors were not related to IQ, demonstrating that environment has little impact on IQ
- Crisk factors were important at age 4 but had no relation to IQ later on
- Dthe number of risk factors was positively correlated with age
51Which of the following is true about the influence of risk factors on children's IQ scores?
- Arisk factors can also have an impact on later language development and school performance
- BIt is the accumulation of different forms of risk that is most detrimental
- Crisk factors are correlated with children's IQ
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
52In the longitudinal study of Robert McCall and his colleagues, children who increased in IQ tended to have parents who
- Adid not emphasize intellectual acceleration but used moderately severe punishment
- Bdid not emphasize intellectual acceleration but scored high in their use of punishment
- Cemphasized intellectual acceleration and scored high in their use of punishment
- Demphasized intellectual acceleration and were intermediate in their use of punishment
53The HOME instrument is used to assess
- Asafety features in the homes of day-care providers
- Bthe quality of child's home environment
- Cmarital quality in families with young children
- Dthe appropriateness of families seeking to adopt children
54The HOME scales developed by Caldwell and Bradley assess the quality of the home environment by
- Aasking mothers and fathers to complete a questionnaire regarding parenting practices
- Bobserving mother-child, father-child, and sibling interaction during repeated observation sessions in the home
- Cinterviewing the mother and observing the mother-child interaction
- Dhaving trained inspectors complete a checklist of safety features in the home
55The HOME instrument assesses quality of the child's environment at which age?
- Ainfancy
- Bpreschool
- Cmiddle childhood and adolescence
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
56What is one caution to keep in mind about the HOME scores and IQ?
- AHOME scores do not adequately reflect the child's home environment
- BHOME scores are not only a reflection of environmental factors but also genetic ones
- Cthere are no versions of the HOME instrument for older children
- DParents never act naturally when being observed by researchers in their home
57Studies that evaluate environmental influences on IQ using the HOME have found that
- AHOME scores during infancy correlate with infant intelligence
- BHOME scores at the end of infancy correlate with IQ at age 4
- CHOME scores during infancy are related to later school performance
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
58Dr. Reggie, a developmentalist, wants to study the quality of internationally-adopted children’s homes
compared to homes with families raising their biological children. Which measure will he use?- AThe Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
- BThe Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III)
- CThe Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)
- DThe Reggie scale
59Which of the following is not part of the measurements obtained in the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)?
- AEmotional and Verbal Responsivity of Parent
- BParental violence
- CAvoidance of Restriction and Punishment
- DParental Involvement with Child
60Studies that compare the academic achievement of Asian and American children suggest that
- AAsian children outperform American children on tests of general intelligence
- BAsian children outperform American children on tests of mathematics achievement
- CAsian children have more innate mathematical ability than American children
- DAmerican children catch up to their Asian counterparts by the 5th grade
61On standardized tests of mathematics, Canadian children
- Aperform worse than their American counterparts
- BPerform significantly better than their American counterparts
- CPerform significantly better than Chinese and Japanese students
- Ddo not rival their Chinese and Japanese
62Studies that compare maternal influences on the academic achievement of American and Asian students suggest that
- AAsian mothers are more likely to attribute academic success to hard work than innate ability
- BAmerican mothers are more likely to provide help with their children's homework than Asian mothers
- CAsian mothers are more satisfied with their children's schools than American mothers
- DAsian mothers are more satisfied with their children's school performance than American mothers
63Which of the following factors is identified as being an important environmental contributor to mathematical achievement in Canadian children?
- AHaving peers that are skilled in mathematics
- BHigher parental education and skill
- CHaving two or more older siblings
- DHaving authoritarian parents
64One plausible reason for ethnic differences in IQ scores is
- Aminority children are disproportionately more likely to be living in poverty
- BIQ may be culturally biased towards the middle-class majority
- Cstereotype threat
- Dall of the alternatives are correct
65An important finding from the Abecedarian Project is that
- Ait is better to intervene in the school years than to intervene during the early years
- Bintervention does not affect IQ
- Csome effects of the intervention were still evident on cognitive and academic measures at age 21
- Dthe superiority of the treatment group over the control group increased throughout school years
66The US Project Head Start is associated with
- Amoderate IQ gain
- Bbetter health status
- Cgains in social competence
- Dboth b and c
67Zoe, a 3-year-old girl, is from an economically-disadvantaged neighbourhood. Both of her parents are
unemployed and have not finished high school. Considering recent research studies, which of the
following statements is most likely?- AIf Zoe is put in a high quality daycare and her parents receive instruction on the principles of child development, Zoe will show an increase in her IQ
- BIf Zoe is put in a high quality daycare and her parents receive instruction on the principles of child
development, Zoe will show a decrease in her IQ. - CIf Zoe is put in a high quality daycare and her parents receive instruction on the principles of
child development, Zoe will show neither an increase nor a decrease in her IQ. - DEarly intervention projects have not been shown to contribute positively to child
68Follow-up studies of Better Beginnings, Better Futures appear to indicate that the project led to
- Areduced participants' needs for special education classes
- Bmoderate IQ gains
- Cscholastic achievement
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
69Which of the following is not an observed outcome of the Better Beginnings, Better Futures program?
- AAn overall improvement in scholastic achievement
- BA reduction in behavioural and emotional problems
- CDecreases in children's need for special education services
- DImprovements in children's health
70What is the main goal of Aboriginal Head Start?
- ADeveloping early language skills
- BProviding children with health care and nutritional analyses
- CPreparing children for entry into elementary school
- DImproving parenting skills
71The following factor makes Better Beginnings, Better Futures and Aboriginal Head Start unique among early intervention programs
- AA predominant focus on boosting early IQ
- BA focus on language development
- CA holistic approach and an emphasis on community involvement
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
72What can we conclude about the effectiveness of intervention projects aimed at promoting school success?
- AChildren who participate in intervention programs show immediate increases in IQ.
- BThe increases in IQ shown by children who participate in intervention programs are evident in longterm follow-ups.
- CWhile children who participate in intervention programs show increases in IQ, the programs do
not affect their school achievement. - DIt is unfortunate that intervention projects affect IQ but do not positively affect any other variables
73In order to maximize the positive effects of intervention, a family at risk would want to enrol in a program that
- Abegins during a child's infancy years, is intense, and is brief in duration
- Bfocuses on parent training
- Cfocuses primarily on raising IQ
- Dbegins during a child's infancy years and is extended into the preschool and early school years
74In order to maximize the positive effects of intervention, a family at risk would want to enrol in a program that
- Abegins during a child's infancy years, is intense, and is brief in duration
- Bfocuses on parents training
- Cfocuses primarily on raising IQ
- DNone of the alternatives are correct
75The Robin family lives in a disadvantaged neighbourhood, both parents have little education, and they
have 3 children. According to research, which of the following statements is true?- AThey should enrol their children in programs that start at school-age in order for their children to benefit from them
- BThey should enrol their children in a program that in short in time
- CThey should enrol their children in a comprehensive program that uses multiple routes
- DNone of the alternatives are correct
76Students of ethnic minorities can suffer stereotype threat even if group members
- Aare told a test is just a problem-solving task
- Bdo not believe the stereotype
- Care not told anything about the nature of the task
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
77Research suggests that stereotype threat can be reduced by
- Aincreasing interactions between ethnic minority and majority children
- Bincreasing levels of anxiety in the testing situation
- Cdegrading the accomplishments of ethnic majority students
- DNone of the alternatives are correct
78Aspects of cognitive development affected by schooling include all of the following EXCEPT
- Athe ability to match stimuli
- Bclassification skills
- Cmetacognition
- Dthe ability to conserve
79 Rogoff discusses factors that formal schooling may impart to children. According to Rogoff,
schooling affects cognitive development by- Aincreasing attention span
- Bteaching children multitudes of facts
- Cstrengthening neural connections through demand and use
- Dteaching specific skills, emphasizing a search for general rules, teaching literacy, and promoting abstract thought because of verbal instructions
80On which task are 8-year-olds with school experience MOST likely to outperform 8-year-olds without school experience
- Aconservation of volume
- Bcategorizing food items according to an abstract classification scheme
- Cconservation of number
- Dnavigating their way around the community in which they live
81Stephen Ceci argues that the positive relationship between schooling and IQ
- Ais supported by the fact that children's IQ tend to decline over summer vacation
- Breflects the fact that schooling nurtures the same skills assessed on IQ tests
- Cis due in part to the fact that intelligent people tend to stay in school longer
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
82Andrew was born two days before the school entrance cut-off date. His parents decide to “hold him
back a year,” i.e., they decide to delay his kindergarten entrance one year so that he will be among the
oldest in his class rather than among the youngest in his class. Which of the following is relevant
information that Andrew’s parents should consider?- AChildren whose birthdays make them just barely old enough to qualify for school entry obtain
higher IQ scores by age 8 than children whose birthdays make them fall just short. - BIQ is not related to years in school.
- CIntelligent people stay in school longer.
- DStarting school early does not seem to nurture any specific cognitive abilities.
- AChildren whose birthdays make them just barely old enough to qualify for school entry obtain
83Jenny is 16 and has dropped out of school. According to recent research, what can be expected?
- AShe will remain stable in her IQ
- BShe will experience an increase in her IQ because she will be employed
- CShe will experience a decline in her IQ
- DNone of the alternatives are correct
84According to Michael Rutter, factors that distinguish successful schools from those that are less
successful include all of the following EXCEPT- Aclass sizes are smaller than average
- Bteachers hold high but realistic goals for students
- Cstudents spend most of their time in class engaged in academic activities
- Dstudents have a voice in decisions concerning the school
85Rose is attending a high school that receives a lot of funding and has a beautiful physical environment. According to research, what can be expected?
- AThat the graduation rate at her school will be high
- BThat performance on standardized tests will be high at this school
- CThat Rose will have good grades
- DThere is little association between funding and physical environment and other
86Perhaps surprisingly, (blank) doe snot seem to influence school success
- Aclass size
- Bclear emphasis on academic goals
- Cassignment and grading of homework regularly
- Dfirm but fair discipline
87Ability grouping refers to the following practice of
- Aseparating students into groups of similar ability for instructional purposes
- BDividing children into groups based on their scores on the mathematical scale of an IQ test
- Cparents' tendency to unconsciously group their children according to ability
- DNone of the alternatives are correct
88Mrs. Hunting has assigned 6-year-old Jackie to the “bluebird” reading group, which is a group of the
slower readers in the class. What is a potential problem of using such ability grouping?- AJackie’s placement in this group might be due to an error; Mrs. Hunting’s assessment may not be an
accurate reflection of Jackie’s true ability or potential - BJackie may not receive instruction that is of the same quality as that given to a higher level
reading group. - CJackie’s placement in this group may affect her self-image, which in turn may affect subsequent
academic expectation and performance. - DAll alternatives are correct
- AJackie’s placement in this group might be due to an error; Mrs. Hunting’s assessment may not be an
89Early adolescence is a time of heightened self-consciousness, or a heightened desire and a
heightened capacity for decision making and autonomy, of an increased concern with close peer
relations, and of an increased need for supportive adults outside of the home. It may not be the best time
for a shift to junior high or middle school. The relevant concept here is- Athe cultural compatibility hypothesis
- Bactor-observer bias
- Cstage-environment fit
- Dgoodness of fit
90According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, schools, families, and peers fall within the
environmental layer labelled the (blank)- Aexosystem
- Bendosystem
- Cmicrosystem
- Dmesosystem
91According to the cultural compatibility hypothesis, children learn most effectively
- Ain segregated schools
- Bwhen teachers expect them to do well
- Cwhen instructional methods are compatible with the patterns of learning that are familiar in the child's culture
- Din bilingual classrooms
92According to the text, classroom observations of native Hawaiian and First Nations children
suggest that instructional styles can clash with cultural norms guiding- Alanguage exchanges
- Buse of materials
- Chow books are treated
- Dreferences to religion
93Wait time, which is the length of time one participant in a dialogue waits before responding to the
other participant, is a good example of the importance of- Aselective placement
- Bthe cultural compatibility hypothesis
- Ccumulative deficit
- Dthe flynn effect
94Rosenthal and Jacobson’s book Pygmalion in the Classroom draws attention to the fact that
- Athe cultural compatibility hypothesis is often invisible.
- Bstereotype threats can be unwittingly perpetuated by teachers
- Cthe Flynn effect renders many teaching references outdated
- Dteachers' expectations can affect the results they obtain from their students
95Rosenthal and Jacobson’s research concerning the effects of teachers’ expectancies on students’
academic performance is controversial because- Athe original studies were unethical
- Bthe original studies were too artificial to be able to replicate
- Cteachers' expectations are but one of many contributors to children's intellectual performance
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
96 Evolutionary psychologists label the environment that produced a species’ evolved tendencies is its
- Aenvironment of evolutionary adaptiveness
- Bsocial and ecological domains
- Cprimary domain
- Dmesosystem
97Evolutionary theorists believe that the environment that produced our modern cognitive abilities
occurred- Atwo to three million years ago during the Pleistocene era.
- Bduring an era when humans and their protohuman ancestors lived as hunter-gatherers.
- Cduring a time when problems included finding food, attracting and choosing mates, recognizing kin,
and “mind-reading” (e.g., inferring other’s motives, intentions, and knowledge). - DAll of the alternatives are correct.
98David Geary, an evolutionary psychologist, developed a model that depicts domains of the human
mind that have evolved over time. According to Geary- Abiologically primary abilities have been shaped by natural selection.
- Bbiologically primary abilities are not universal but are specific to certain cultures.
- Cbiologically primary abilities are not universal but are specific to certain cultures.
c. biologically secondary abilities include language and face recognition. - Dbiologically secondary abilities have been shaped by natural selection.
99Biologically primary abilities
- Aare evolved abilities shaped by natural selection to solve recurring problems faced by ancestral humans
- Bare non-evolved abilities that are considered "unnatural"
- Cinclude abilities such as reading and writing
- Dare culture specific rather than universal
100Amir is from Africa. According to Geary’s model, which of the following abilities will Amir have
that anyone from another culture or continent would also have?- AFacial recognition
- BBody recognition
- Creading
- DAll of the above alternatives are correct
101A central theme of Vygotsky’s theory and that of later Soviet psychologists is an emphasis on
- Agenetic influences on intellectual development.
- Balternative forms of intelligence such as body-kinaesthetic intelligence
- Cwhat children can accomplish with the assistance of other more mature members of their culture
- Dlevel of actual development
102Dr. Lee administered a memory test to 10-year-old Timothy and found that Timothy did not do well
on the test. Then Dr. Lee taught Timothy to use the elaboration mnemonic. Dr. Lee later gave Timothy a
memory test similar to the first test to see if Timothy was able to elaborate on his own. This test-train-test
procedure is- Aan example of how dynamic assessment is carried out
- Bknown as scaffolding
- Cgenerally not successful
- Dinconsistent with Vygotsky's ideas
103Intelligence is seen as a composite of a number of “specific” intelligences as opposed to a
general ability by whom?- AJ.P. Guilford
- BLouis Thurstone
- CHoward Gardner
- DAll above is correct
104The basic premise of Howard Garner's theory of intelligence is that
- Aintelligence includes information processing, contextual, and experiential components
- Bthe primary mechanism through which intelligence develops is social interaction
- Chumans possess a number of relatively distinct intelligences
- Dhuman intelligence is shaped primarily by brain structure
105 According to Howard Gardner, evidence (or signs) for a distinct form of intelligence exists when
- Athe intelligence shows a distinct developmental and evolutionary history
- Bit is possible to define the intelligence in terms of a set of core cognitive operations
- Cthere is experimental evidence (factor analytics studies) in support of the intelligence
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
106Which of the following is considered by Gardner as support (a sign) for specific intelligences?
- ADeviation from the normal developmental path
- BThe existence of individuals with exceptional talents in a specific area (mozart or savants)
- CLinguistic abilities that are selectively impaired due to brain injury
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
107Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences includes all of the following EXCEPT
- Amusical intelligence
- Bmechanical intelligence
- Cpersonal intelligence
- Dbodily-kinesthetic intelligence
108Hannah is considered “gifted” by her teachers and parents. Hannah would most likely display all
but which of the following characteristics?- AExceptionality "across the board" (global giftedness)
- BPrecocity
- CMarching to her own drummer
- DA rage to master
109Which of the following is an example of convergent thinking?
- Acoming up with the answer to an addition problem
- Bcoming up with an unusual use for a newspaper
- Ccoming up with various interpretation of a squiggle drawing
- Dcoming up with different functions for a box
110Which of the following is an example of divergent thinking?
- AWhat IQ tests measure
- BA logical deduction
- CThinking of as many uses for a brick as one can
- DA math problem
111The selection of IQ tests available to the contemporary practitioner
- Ameasures all intellectual abilities.
- Bexhausts the domain of human intelligence
- Cdoes not exhaust the domain of human intelligence.
- Dexhausts most domains of human intelligence
112The psychometric focus on individual differences may cause us to lose track of
- Athe strengths that particular children possess
- Bthe ways in which all children are similar in their intellectual development
- Cthe multi-facetted nature of intelligence
- Dboth a and b
113The argument that language is the product of nature alone is refuted by the following
- Ahumans make and understand an infinite number of statements
- BThousands of languages exist
- CDifferent languages use different grammatical structures
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
114According to the textbook, how does human language differ from animal communication
- AHumans can produce and recognize an infinite number of sentences.
- BHuman language has an inborn component and animal communication does not.
- CHuman language learning by young children is a long and difficult process.
- DHuman language consists of one tongue used by all members of the species
115In his book, Verbal Behavior, B. F. Skinner argued that language development can be explained by
- Aoperant conditioning.
- Bbiological maturation.
- Cinnate structures.
- Dsocial learning theory
116The first significant challenge to Skinner's theory of verbal learning came from
- AJerome Bruner
- BDaniel Slobin
- CNoam Chomsky
- DAlbert Bandura
117Chomsky’s explanation of language development emphasized
- Alearning and conditioning principles
- Binnate structures and biological mechanisms
- Cchildren's cognitive abilities
- Dthe language support system provided by parents
118The fact that young children acquire language so quickly and easily supports the idea that language
- Ais acquired by means of rewards and punishment
- Bdepends on cognitive development
- Cis acquired through imitation and modeling
- Dhas a biological basis
119In Chomsky's original model, the hypothetical brain structure that analyzes speech input is known
as the- Asurface structure
- Bdeep structure
- Clanguage acquisition device
- Dtransformational grammar
120In Chomsky's model, transformational grammar refers to the
- Aset of rules that translate a language's surface structure to a deep structure the child can
innately understand. - Bway words and phrases are arranged in spoken languages
- Cinborn knowledge humans have about the properties of language.
- Dbrain structure responsible for analyzing speech input.
- Aset of rules that translate a language's surface structure to a deep structure the child can
121The fact that deaf children not exposed to either spoken or signed languages still develop “home
signs” supports the (blank) approach to language development.- Anativist
- Benvironment/learning
- Ccognitive-developmental
- Dsociocultural
122In a paper that Noah Chomsky published with Marc Hauser and Tecumseh Fitch in 2002, they
proposed that- Athe processes that support language are unique to the human species
- Bmost language abilities involve cognitive and perceptual mechanisms shared with other species.
- Cmost language abilities involve cognitive and perceptual mechanisms shared with other
psychological abilities. - Dboth b and c
123The belief that environmental factors are important in normal language acquisition is supported by
evidence that- Aadults and older children adopt a clear and simple language style termed infant-directed speech
- Badults never respond to the grammatical accuracy of a child's statement.
- Cmost of children's acquisition of grammar can be traced to exact copying of statements they have heard
others say. - Dmilestones in vocabulary development are linked to neurological development.
124 Kyle was born deaf to hearing parents. Neither of his parents learned sign language. He developed a
few “home signs”, but actually learned sign language in his educational setting. Given this information,
what can be expected of Kyle’s language development?- AHe will learn sign language very easily in his educational setting
- BHe will perform less well in sign language measures than if he had learned sign language earlier
- CSince language development is innate, he will have developed his own sign language
- DNone of the alternatives are correct
125Infant-directed speech consists of
- Aproductivity in language
- Ba type of deep structure
- Cfamiliar words, repetition, and short, simple sentences
- Dspecific training in the grammatical rules of language
126Nativists have argued that parents do not specifically train children in the rules of language. Recent
analyses of parent-child interaction indicate that- Ait is true that parents do not respond to the grammatical accuracy of their children’s speech.
- Bparents respond to the grammatical accuracy of their children’s speech when parents are aware that
other adults are listening. - Cparents respond to the grammatical accuracy of their children’s speech by providing their children with
many forms of feedback and instruction. - Dparents respond to the grammatical accuracy of their children’s speech, but parents provide very
limited forms of feedback and instruction.
127Use of words such as (blank) depend on an understanding of object permanence.
- Aall gone
- Bmama
- Cmore
- Dnose
128One cognitive-developmental approach to language development is based on a belief that children use (blank)
as a means of extracting the rules of language from the speech that they hear- Aattentional strategies
- Ba language acquisition device
- Ca language acquisition support system
- Dearly cognitive concepts
129 Some cognitive-developmental approaches to language development have relied on (blank)
- Aattentional strategies
- Bartificial neural networks
- Ca language acquisition device
- Da language acquisition support system
130The model of language development that emphasizes the role of social interaction in
language learning is the- Apsycholinguistic model
- Bcognitive-developmental model
- Clearnability theory
- Dsociocultural theory
131 According to Jerome Bruner, structured interactive routines such as peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake aid in
language acquisition by allowing the child to- Alearn specific language elements by memorizing words and actions in very restricted contexts.
- Breceive systematic reinforcement for language production.
- Cpractice articulation
- Duse words and actions flexibly in constantly changing, unpredictable contexts
132The phrase language acquisition support system (LASS) refers to the
- Ahypothesized brain mechanism responsible for analyzing speech input.
- Bvariety of neurological, auditory, and vocalization structures responsible for the production and
comprehension of language. - Cway in which nonverbal modes of communication assist in the production and comprehension
of language. - Dstructured opportunities for language learning offered to infants in their social environments.
133Which illustrates Bruner's concept of a format?
- Aa mother humming a lullaby to her infant
- Ba mother and baby singing and acting out the words to "Itsy Bitsy Spider"
- CParents engaged in conversation over dinner with the baby seated nearby in a highchair
- Da mother using infant-directed speech
134Sociocultural theorists concern themselves with the functional basis for language because
- Alanguage helps them achieve goals by communicating with others
- Bof the power of the LAD
- Cof an innate tendency to construct general rules from concrete examples.
- Dparents and other adults force them to.
135Which of the following is not cited in your text as an example of scaffolding used within
formatted interactions (the central components of the LASS) between parent and
child?- Asimplified speech
- Bpunishment for incorrect or inaccurate statements
- Crepetition
- Dcorrecting the child's incorrect or inaccurate statements
136Rachel is starting to use the “r” sound in her speech. She is
- Ajust starting to speak, the “r” sound appears in the first three sounds
- Bhas been speaking for a while, the “r” sound appears later than others
- Cprobably using sentences
- DNone of the alternatives are correct
137 Phonology refers to
- Athe study of speech sounds
- Bthe ability to detect different phonemes in speech.
- Cthe social uses of language.
- DNone of the alternatives are correct.
138The term phoneme refers to
- Acontrasts of speech sounds that change the meaning of what is heard
- Bthe basic unit of meaning in a language.
- Cthe different kinds of sounds that can be articulated by our oral musculature
- Dprefixes and suffixes that, when added to words, change their meaning.
139What is the impact of experience on categorical perception?
- ACategorical perception is not present in young infants and appears to be entirely dependent
upon experience - BInfants possess an innate ability to discriminate a wide range of sound contrasts, but the environment
quickly begins to fine-tune the discriminations, eliminating those that will not be needed and improving
the child's ability to use others. - CCategorical perception is present in newborns, and while infants never lose the ability to discriminate
phonemic boundaries, they become more skilled at detecting subtle differences between categories based
on their experience of hearing a language being spoken. - DCategorical perception is present in newborns and is not modifiable by experience.
- ACategorical perception is not present in young infants and appears to be entirely dependent
140Japanese adults have difficulty distinguishing between the sounds r and l. How skilled are Japanese
infants at discriminating between the two sounds?- AJapanese 6-month-olds exposed to only the Japanese language have as much difficulty discriminating
between the sounds r and l as Japanese adults - B. Japanese 6-month-olds have as much difficulty discriminating between the sounds r and l as Japanese
adults, regardless of whether they have been exposed to languages that include the r/l contrast or not. - CJapanese infants are able to discriminate between the sounds r and l as easily as American infants
exposed to languages where the r/l contrast is present. - DNeither Japanese infants nor American infants are skilled at discriminating between the sounds r and l.
- AJapanese 6-month-olds exposed to only the Japanese language have as much difficulty discriminating
141Nine-month-old American babies exposed to English
- Aprefer listening to words that are accented (stressed) on the first syllable.
- Bcan discriminate between the r sound and the l sound.
- Ccan demonstrate categorical perception.
- DAll of the alternatives are correct.
142The fact that infants narrow their phoneme categories around the same time as they begin learning words means that they will
- Aimmediately apply their phoneme perception skills to early word learning
- Bnot confuse similar sounding words.
- Cthe two skills are caused by one underlying mechanism
- DNone of the alternatives are correct.
143Five-month-old Reza prefers
- Ahearing his mother speaking rather than his mother humming.
- Bhearing his mother use infant-directed speech.
- Chis mother's voice over another woman's voice
- DAll of the alternatives are correct.
144Carrie’s mother speaks both English and French. When she was pregnant with Carrie, she used both
languages on a daily basis. Which statement is true?- ACarrie will develop a preference for listening to English
- BCarrie will develop a preference for listening to French
- CCarrie will develop a preference for both English and French
- DCarrie will develop a preference for novel languages, such as Russian
145 Deaf mothers of deaf infants
- Ause an infant-directed speech form of sign language.
- Bslow down but do not exaggerate their gestures.
- Cfind that their babies are less attentive to an infant-directed speech form of sign language than adult directed signing
- DAll of the alternatives are correct.
146The one-syllable vowel sounds such as "ah" that babies begin to produce around 2 months of age are
known as- Acooing
- Bbabbling
- Cholophrases.
- Dtelegraphic speech.
147When does reduplicated babbling occur?
- ABefore cooing
- BAround 6 months of age
- CBefore categorical perception
- DAfter holophrastic speech
148What is the babbling drift hypothesis?
- AThe more one moves up the evolutionary ladder, the more closely the sounds of animal communication
resemble those of human spoken language. - BThe sounds produced by babbling infants around the world appear to be drifting toward one
universal “language” of babbling - CThe form of an infant's babbling changes steadily over time and eventually resembles the language the
infant hears and soon will speak - DWhile the sounds produced in early babbling are primarily vowel sounds, the sounds of later
babbling include both consonants and vowels.
- AThe more one moves up the evolutionary ladder, the more closely the sounds of animal communication
149Which of the following statements about babbling is TRUE?
- AThe babbling of infants from different language environments is very similar
- BThe form of a baby's babbling gradually evolves to resemble the language the baby hears
- CThe babbling of deaf babies is different from that of babies who are not hearing impaired
- DAll of the alternatives are correct.
150At about (blank) months of age, the infant strings together several identical sounds such as
“bababa.” This is (blank)- A6; reduplicated babbling
- B2; cooing
- C12; babbling drift
- D18; gestural babbling
151 Kylie has started saying “momomo” when she sees Elmo on the television. This type of speech
is referred to as- Acooing
- Breduplicated cooing
- Cholophrase
- Dduplicate phonology
152How does hearing speech impact on early language development?
- AHearing speech during the babbling stage may be necessary for development of more complex forms
of babbling. - BHearing speech is necessary for the development of cooing
- CHearing speech is necessary for any babbling to develop.
- DHearing speech is necessary for gestural babbling
- AHearing speech during the babbling stage may be necessary for development of more complex forms
153At what point in early language development are the language skills of deaf babies likely to differ
from those of their peers who can hear?- ADuring the stage of cooing
- BDuring the early stages of babbling
- CToward the end of the babbling stage
- DOnce children begin to produce their first “real” words
154Hearing babies of deaf parents babble gesturally, demonstrating that
- Ababbling has a strong biological basis because infants appear to be born with the ability to babble
either auditorally or visually - Bexposure to sign language is key to gestural babbling.
- Cparents are teaching their children to babble.
- Dboth a and b.
- Ababbling has a strong biological basis because infants appear to be born with the ability to babble
155Babies first begin to use gestures to communicate to others the desire to play a game or fetch an
object at around- A4 months
- B6 months
- C8 months
- D12 months
156How would an 8-month-old infant most likely inform her mother that she is interested in playing
with a toy placed out of her reach?- ABy reaching for the toy while looking back and forth between the toy and the mother
- BBy calling out her name for the toy (e.g., “ba” for ball)
- CBy calling out “mama mama”
- DAn 8-month-old infant is not capable of communicating such intentions.
157Babies first develop the ability to use nonverbal gestures
- Afor communicating requests.
- Bto show others objects that they want acknowledged.
- Cas a form of referential communication.
- Dwhen interacting with agemates.
158Gestures are used for
- Amaking requests
- Breferential communication
- Csymbolizing
- DAll of the alternatives are correct
159Which of the following is true about the development of gestures in deaf children?
- Adeaf children do not develop gestures
- Bsome deaf children develop a complex gestural system with many of the properties of spoken language
- Cdeaf children need to be exposed to sign language to develop a system of gestures
- Dnone of the alternatives are correct
160Which of the following is true concerning infants’ utterance of their first word?
- AOut of the blue, around their first birthdays, children will simply utter a word such as “juice.”
- BAs soon as infants utter their first word, all other forms of communication such as gesturing stop
- CAn infant’s first word is preceded by frequent sound combinations (e.g., dee-dee).
- DInfants’ first words do not build on earlier babbling skills.
161The study of the meanings conveyed in language is called
- Asemantics
- Bpragmatics
- Csyntax
- Dphonetics
162A researcher interested in the process by which children acquire words to refer to states of
happiness, sadness, illness, and health would be said to be studying- Asemantic development
- Bpragmatics
- Cphonemics
- Dthe naming explosion
163At around 18 months of age,
- Ababies' babbling acquires a “speechy” quality
- Bchildren understand the meaning of about 500 words.
- Cbabies begin to label everything in sight.
- Dcooing disappears.
164The naming explosion that occurs in the second year of life is believed to primarily reflect
- Amaturation of the speech apparatus
- Bthe child’s emerging ability to categorize objects.
- Cincreased attentional capacity reflected in the ability to sit quietly and look at and talk about
picture books - Dunderstanding that objects continue to exist even if out of sight.
165Research on children’s early lexical development suggests that
- Achildren produce many more words than they understand.
- Bchildren typically comprehend words before they produce them
- Cverbs are spoken and understood earlier than nouns.
- Dthe naming explosion occurs at 12 months of age.
166At 20 months, Franklin’s lexicon consists mainly of words such as “bye-bye”, “peek-a-boo,” “pat-acake,” and “up.” Franklin’s style of language acquisition is best described as
- Aexpressive
- Breferential
- Clexical
- Delaborative
167At 24 months, Carter’s lexicon includes the names of all the Muppets on Sesame Street, as well as
clearly articulated labels for many of her father's tools including “hammer,” “drill,” and “saw.” Carter's
lexical style is best described as- Aelaborative
- Bexpressive
- Csemantic
- Dreferential
168Connor is 18 months and is following a typical developmental pattern in all areas. It is expected
that his lexicon consists of (blank) words and that he can understand (blank) words.- A200, 100
- B100, 200
- C500, 200
- D200, 500
169Children who have a referential style of vocabulary development are most likely to be
- Afirst borns
- Bmales
- Cfrom working-class families
- Dchildren who play with toy vehicles
170Matthew expresses himself with phrases such as “Lemme see”, “Ooh, what that”. This is referred
to as the (blank) style.- Acultural style
- Blexicon style
- Creferential style
- Dexpressive style
171Gender differences in children’s language acquisition most strongly support the idea that language
development is influenced by- Aonly inborn, biological factors
- Bcharacteristics of the parents that elicit reactions on the part of their children
- Cthe language environments to which they are exposed
- Dright brain dominance
172Cultural differences in children’s language acquisition most strongly support the idea that language
development is influenced by- Aonly inborn, biological factors.
- Bcharacteristics of the parents that elicit reactions on the part of their children.
- Cthe language environments to which the children are exposed.
- Dright brain dominance.
173Early language errors in which children use labels they already know for things whose names they
do not yet know are known as- Aoverextensions
- Bfast-mappings
- Cover-regularizations
- Dlexical contract
174Rebecca refers to all large vehicles including fire trucks, ambulances, and bulldozers as “trucks.”
This illustrates the phenomenon known as- Afast-mappings
- Bover-regularization
- Cunderextension
- Doverextension
175Overextensions probably occur because
- Achildren do not notice differences between objects they refer to with the same name
- Bchildren's definitions of words are too narrow
- Cchildren lack the vocabulary necessary to correctly name the item
- Dchildren produce more than they comprehend
176 Jack refers to all creamy foods that are served in a bowl and eaten with a spoon such as yogurt,
pudding, and oatmeal as “pudding.” This most likely means that- AJack cannot yet produce the words “yogurt” and “oatmeal,” although he may comprehend them.
- BJack cannot perceive the difference between pudding, yogurt, and oatmeal.
- Cif his mother presented him with a bowl of oatmeal and a bowl of pudding, they would taste the same
to him - DJack underextends the word “pudding.”
177Japanese speakers often say “peh” when they spit something out. Jeffrey, who is Japanese-American,
invented the phrase “chew-chew-peh” to refer to bubble gum. This is- Aexpressive style
- Bcoining
- Cunderextension
- Doverextension
178The study of overextensions, underextensions, and coining would be most interesting to
someone studying- Apragmatics
- Bsemantics
- Cgrammar
- Dsyntax
179You find it odd that your young nephew is constantly labelling the family dog “doggie” yet
doesn’t seem to apply this same word to dogs he meets elsewhere. This is an example of a(n)- Aoverextension
- Bholophrase
- Cconstraint
- Dunderextension
180The best description of a holophrase is
- Aone word used to convey more meaning than that one word
- Bone word that is comprehended by only those familiar to the child.
- Ca phrase that represents holistic speech.
- Dequivalent to telegraphic speech.
181Which best illustrates the concept of a holophrase?
- Abilly go "rade"
- B"look at the mans"
- C"Ball"
- D"all-gone cookie"
182Rebecca says “boots” when she wants her mother to put her boots on for her. This is referred to
as- Aoverextension
- Bunderextension
- Ccoining
- Dholophrase
183What might be the process by which a child, who does not yet know the meaning of the word
“spatula,” successfully infers the meaning of the sentence “give me the spatula”?- Asyntactic bootstrapping
- Bsemantic bootstrapping
- Cfast-mapping
- Dnone
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- Psychology Quiz on Child Development Final Exam, created by Carissa Harris on 19/04/2024.
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- Carissa Harris
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