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Bennett-Levy & Marteau

Ellen Worrall 3 questions

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Questions in this quiz (3)

  1. 1KEY DEFINITION - EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY/PREPAREDNESS
    [blank_start]Evolutionary[blank_end] psychologists suggest that phobias of certain animals have been [blank_start]inherited[blank_end] through natural selection as they helped our ancestors to [blank_start]survive[blank_end]. Therefore, it can be suggested that we are born with a 'readiness' to fear certain animals (it is innate). This is known as [blank_start]preparedness[blank_end].

    CONTEXT 1 - [blank_start]MARKS[blank_end] (SUPPORT OF HAVING AN INNATE PREPAREDNESS)
    1. Distribution of animal phobias is [blank_start]non-random[blank_end]. There are certain animals that a lot of people are fearful of, whereas other animals don't seem to be feared
    2. Phobias are not related to [blank_start]negative experiences[blank_end] with that animal. Can have a phobia of an animal with out any bad experience to [blank_start]trigger[blank_end] this fear
    3. A person can still have a phobia even when they know the animal is harmless

    CONTEXT 2 - [blank_start]MINEKA[blank_end]
    [blank_start]Reject[blank_end] biological preparedness theory. Found that [blank_start]wild reared monkeys[blank_end] showed considerable fear towards [blank_start]real[blank_end] snakes. In contrast, lab reared monkeys only showed a mild fear towards the snake. This suggests that fear responses aren't inherited but learnt through [blank_start]observing[blank_end] the behaviour of other wild monkeys. However, BLM [blank_start]rejected[blank_end] this claim & suggested lab reared monkeys felt the most fear towards the real snake because it showed a significant amount of [blank_start]movements[blank_end] - may be prepared to fear 'snake like movements'

    CONTEXT 3 - [blank_start]HINDLE[blank_end]
    Other characteristics may evoke a fear response such as the [blank_start]novelty and strangeness[blank_end] of the animal because they're different from the human form. BLM also found that people's descriptions of phobias focused on what the animals [blank_start]looked and felt like[blank_end]

    AIM
    Aimed to investigate underlying mechanism by which biological preparedness of certain animals operate & whether humans are biologically prepared to fear certain stimulus such as [blank_start]rapid or abrupt[blank_end] movement or discrepancies from the human form
    1. AEvolutionary
    2. BBiological
    3. Cinherited
    4. Dlearnt
    5. Esurvive
    6. Fpreparedness
    7. Greadiness
    8. HMARKS
    9. IJACOBSON
    10. Jnon-random
    11. Krandom
    12. Lnegative experiences
    13. Mpositive experiences
    14. Ntrigger
    15. Oexplain
    16. PMINEKA
    17. QROSENHAN
    18. RReject
    19. SAccept
    20. Twild reared monkeys
    21. Ulab reared monkeys
    22. Vreal
    23. Wfake
    24. Xobserving
    25. Yrejected
    26. Zaccepted
    27. AAmovements
    28. ABdangers
    29. ACHINDLE
    30. ADSWEENEY
    31. AEnovelty and strangeness
    32. AFsimilarity to humans
    33. AGlooked and felt like
    34. AHsounded and tasted like
    35. AIrapid or abrupt
    36. AJslow
  2. 2SAMPLE
    The sample was selected using an [blank_start]opportunity[blank_end] sample of [blank_start]113[blank_end] ppts who were attending a health centre. [blank_start]64[blank_end] completed questionnaire 1 and [blank_start]49[blank_end] answered questionnaire 2.
    RESEARCH METHOD
    2 [blank_start]closed[blank_end] questionnaires to investigate people's responses to [blank_start]29[blank_end] harmless, small animals. These animals included rats, lizard, [blank_start]grasshopper[blank_end], squirrel, butterfly tortoise etc.) which was then followed up by an informal interview.
    HOW IT TOOK PLACE
    Ppts were asked to fill in [blank_start]either one[blank_end] of the two questionnaires which were distributed [blank_start]randomly[blank_end]. Before answering the questionnaires, they were asked to imagine that the animal had been [blank_start]injured[blank_end] in some way and were indicated as not being harmful where it was possible that ppts could think of the animals as harmful
    Questionnaire 1 asked about fear and avoidance by rating 29 small, harmless animals on a [blank_start]3[blank_end] point scale of fear and a [blank_start]5[blank_end] point scale of avoidance.
    In questionnaire 2 it was concerned with the [blank_start]characteristics[blank_end] of the same 29 animals on a 3 point scale on the following characteristics:
    ugly, slimy, speedy, [blank_start]how suddenly it moves[blank_end].
    After completing one of the questionnaires there was an [blank_start]informal interview[blank_end] to gain qualitative data
    1. Aopportunity
    2. Bvolunteer
    3. C113
    4. D319
    5. E48
    6. F64
    7. G38
    8. H49
    9. I32
    10. Jclosed
    11. Kopen
    12. L29
    13. M48
    14. N39
    15. Ograsshopper
    16. Pdung beetle
    17. Qladybird
    18. Reither one
    19. Sboth
    20. Trandomly
    21. Usystematically based on gender
    22. Vinjured
    23. Waggravated
    24. X3
    25. Y5
    26. Z5
    27. AA10
    28. ABcharacteristics
    29. ACfeatures
    30. ADhow suddenly it moves
    31. AEsize
    32. AFinformal interview
    33. AGformal interview
  3. 3RESEARCH METHOD
    BLM used [blank_start]closed[blank_end] questionnaires & follow up interviews to investigate animal phobias in human ppts. A strength of using a closed questionnaire is that they can gather lots of information from a large sample [blank_start]quickly[blank_end], easily and economically. Also the [blank_start]quantitative[blank_end] data gathered was easy to analyse using statistics to examine the [blank_start]correlations[blank_end] between phobias and animal characteristics. The advantages of using a formal interview included the fact that in-depth [blank_start]qualitative[blank_end] data could be gathered on why, for example, the rat was feared the most. However the ppts may have rushed through the questionnaires and given untruthful answers due to the [blank_start]social desirability effect[blank_end] (stating they were less fearful than they actually were). Furthermore, the informal interviews would have been time consuming to carry out & researchers may have been [blank_start]subjective[blank_end] when interpreting what ppts said.
    ETHICAL ISSUES
    A strength of BLM in terms of ethics is that they didn't [blank_start]deceive[blank_end] ppts and they also obtained informed consent. Furthermore, [blank_start]confidentiality[blank_end] was maintained as ppts names weren't required on the questionnaires. However, one could argue that [blank_start]psychological[blank_end] harm was caused as they had to think about animals that some may have genuinely been afraid of, which would cause symptoms of [blank_start]stress[blank_end] such as anxiety.
    RELIABILITY
    A strength in terms of reliability is that a [blank_start]closed questionnaire[blank_end] is easy very easy to replicated with their 113 ppts to check for the consistency of their findings. Collecting [blank_start]both quantitative and qualitative data[blank_end] is seen as also being more reliable as the data backed each other up.
    VALIDITY
    As ppts only had to fill out one of two questionnaires, it reduced the impact [blank_start]demand characteristics[blank_end] as they were less likely to notice that the two questionnaires were linked. Although, as they were only asked to imagine the animals the 'fear' they experienced may be very [blank_start]different[blank_end] to that of real life (the task was low in [blank_start]mundane[blank_end] realism). Furthermore, the social desirability effect may have occurred - males may have reported as being [blank_start]less[blank_end] fearful than they actually were in order to 'look' brave. Also, perhaps the study wasn't a true measure of phobias as they only asked about 4 characteristics, ignoring the vast majority of other ones needed to be taken into consideration.
    SAMPLE/SAMPLING METHOD
    [blank_start]Opportunity[blank_end] sampling at a local health centre. Opportunity sampling meant that it was quick, easy and economical for the researcher as they were [blank_start]available[blank_end] at the time. Also, the sample can be said to be representative as it included an almost [blank_start]equal[blank_end] balance of males:females thus reducing bias. However, the sample was [blank_start]ethnocentric[blank_end] as it took place at a local health centre in Britain. Additionally, the researcher may have only chosen people who looked approachable & willing to participate, thus creating [blank_start]bias[blank_end] in the sample.
    1. Aclosed
    2. Bquickly
    3. Cquantitative
    4. Dcorrelations
    5. Equalitative
    6. Fsocial desirability effect
    7. Gsubjective
    8. Hdeceive
    9. Iconfidentiality
    10. Jpsychological
    11. Kstress
    12. Lclosed questionnaire
    13. Mboth quantitative and qualitative data
    14. Ndemand characteristics
    15. Odifferent
    16. Pmundane
    17. Qless
    18. ROpportunity
    19. Savailable
    20. Tequal
    21. Uethnocentric
    22. Vbias

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Description
A-Level Psychology (PY2) Quiz on Bennett-Levy & Marteau , created by Ellen Worrall on 21/04/2016.
Language
English
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