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Karteikarten

Research Methods

lele_star Psychology Englisch 39 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (39)

  1. 1How can you improve reliablity? (KEY WORD CONSISTENCY)-pilot studies, standardisation (a standard way all researchers should collect data) test retest - inter rater reliability
  2. 2How can you improve reliablity? (KEY WORD CONSISTENCY)-pilot studies, standardisation (a standard way all researchers should collect data) test retest - inter rater reliability
  3. 3what is internal reliability?The extent to which there is consistency, different parts should give consistent results e.g. all IQ questions should be the same difficulty
  4. 4What is external reliability?The extent which there is a measure of something consistent over time e.g. test re test (doing it at a later time and making sure results are consistent)
  5. 5what is internal validity?the extent to which the changing of the IV is entirely relibale for the DV, there are no extraneous variables
  6. 6what is external validity?The extent to which things can be generalised to toehr people times and situations e.g. lab experiemnts are low as they are not natural
  7. 7How can you improve validity?control extraneous variables. avoid demand characteristics (single blind techniques like the placebo effect)
  8. 8What are the 5 types of graph?-bar chart (N/O)
    -histogram (I/R)
    -frequency polygon (I/R)
    -line graph
    -scatter graph (correlation)
  9. 9list the measures of central tendencynominal - mode
    ordinal -median
    interval/ratio - mean
  10. 10what is p<0.01 significance?99% sure results are accurate. There is a real effect. Used more for drug studies as the need to be accurate
  11. 11what is p<0.05 significance?we are 95% sure that it is a real effect. Used for most studies
  12. 12What is a type 1 error?Where the null hypothesis is rejected wrongly
    when the significance level is too high
    (incorrectly saying that it was not due to chance, when really with a lower significance it would be chance)
  13. 13What is a type 2 errorWhen the null hypothesis is accepted wrongly (saying it is due to chance when its not) as the significance is too low
  14. 14What are the problems that can occur with peer review?- unachieveable ideal, cannot find someone to check it so bad research gets passed on -people could bury rival research -publication bias (prove their own research) Preserving the status quo (supports other studies)
  15. 15What are the advantages of lab experiments?-specialised equipment
    -cause and effect
    -easily replicated
  16. 16what are the disadvantages of lab experiments-low ecological validity
    -demand characteristics
  17. 17What are the advantages of field experiments?-high ecological validity
    -lower demand characteristics
  18. 18what are the disadvantages of field experiments?-control is not always maintained
    -equipment not pratical
  19. 19What is the advantage of a natural experiment?No/few demand characteristics
  20. 20What are the disadvantages of natural experiments?-low control
    -cannot establish cause and effect
    -time consuming
  21. 21what are the advantages and disadvantages of correlations?;-( cannot determine cause an effect due to extraneous variables ;-) shows a realtionships which can strenghten research and theories
  22. 22What are the advantages of surveys?- can approach sensitive topics
    -sent them out to many people cheaply and quickly
    lots of data both quantitative qualitative
  23. 23what are the disadvantages of surveys?-if badly worded they can be leading
    -very low response rate (33%)
    -demand characteristics
  24. 24what are the three types of interviews?structured- pre set list of questions
    unstructured - an idea but no prepared questions
    semi structured- some questions but may aske more depending upon the response
  25. 25What are the positives of structured interviews?-less likely to deviate
    -easier data analysis
    -easy to generalise
    -less training needed
  26. 26What are the negatives of structured interviews?-lack of validity (v formal)
    -no further questions
    -demand characteristics and social desirability bias
  27. 27evaluation of unstructured interview:-) better validity, speak openly, detailed info, flexible
    :-( difficult to analyse, training for interviewer needed, harder
  28. 28evaluation of semi structured interview?:-) qualitiative data, keep focus but still gather more data
    :-( training needed, time, effort and money, social desirability bias
  29. 29case studies- focusing on one individual or a group of people using different research methods to attain data:-) lots of data obtained which will be indepth (ideographic)
    -can use case studies to challenge exisiting theories
    :-( bias, reterospective, narrow study, unable to generalise
  30. 30pilot study - a practice attempt before the real study to find if there is any problems with the upcoming experiment:-)useful knowledge about how the task should be completed, eliminates any faults and save wasting money
    :-( p's may act different, p's may sabotage the research to provide false falts
  31. 31what are the 4 types of sampling?-opportunity
    -volunteer
    -random
    -stratified (equal ratio)
  32. 32Evaluation of independent groups (different people in different conditions):-) no order effects, reduce demand characterisitcs
    :-( expensive, individual differences, hard to compare
  33. 33Evaluation of Repeated measures:-) fewer participants, compare without individual diff
    :-( order effects, need to introduce counterbalancing
  34. 34evaluation of matched pairs:-) increase validity, decrease individual diff, low order effects
    :-( people are not 100% similar
    time consuming and often difficult
  35. 35what is counterbalancing?A way of reducing order effects by giving different groups the same conditions but in different orders (so one condition isn't overly suceptable to demand characterstics)
  36. 36what are the 4 types of data?Nominal (categories)
    Ranked - Ordinal (order diff scores)
    Ratio ( equal untis absolute 0 e.g. speed)
    interval (equal units can go negative)
  37. 37What the Mnemonic for statistical testNormal cats can't swim in milky water
    N-nominal C-chi squared C-correlational S-Spearman's Rho I-independent groups M-Mann Whitney W-Wilcoxen (repeated measures)
  38. 38What is peer review?It is an important part of the process of publishing work. A peer (another psychologist in the same field) checks your experiment to ensure it is valid and credible, it can also judge design and methodology and significance
  39. 39What can peer reviews achieve?-allocation of funding (is it worthwile to fund?) -publication of research in specific journals or books (share research) - Assesing the research ration of university departments

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Beschreibung
Psychology Karteikarten am Research Methods, erstellt von lele_star am 23/05/2013.
Erstellt von
lele_star · Mai 2013
Aktualisiert
19 Feb 2016
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49
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