Karteikarten
SP302: The Self
Karten in diesem Stapel (20)
- 1What is the difference between self-concept and self-schemas?Concept: how we understand who we are and the beliefs we have about ourselves.
Schema: Different dimension of the self that are either schematic (important to our self concept) or aschematic (less important). They determine how we feel in specific contexts (Markus, 1977) - 2According to Mead, symbolic interaction is...Being able to see ourselves as others see us, being aware of who, being adaptable and adhering to social norms.
Essentially, our awareness of ourselves and our interaction with the world. - 3Findings by Markus (1977) suggest what about self-concept/ knowledge.Words that were associated with self-schematic concepts of independence or dependence were quicker to identify words related to that schema (in opposition to those aschematic) and more likely to recall experiences related to that schema.
- 4Why can Schemas be negative for our mental health?They can be very consuming, for example self schemas about weight can lead to being overly obsessed with monitoring it (Altabe & Thomson, 1996)
Therefore, having multiple schemas is healthy as it allows you to fall back on them as a buffer for stress (Linville, 1985) - 5According to Thotis (1983) Multiple role theory is...The idea that a complex self is important as it allows us to have many experiences and open different avenues. But too many extreme schemas can lead to mood swings.
The theory therefore assumes quality of schemas is better than quantity. - 6What is self-concept clarity according to Campbell et al, 1996.How far self-schemas are clearly defined, confident, consistent and stable.
This helps deal with stress and increases well-being and self-esteem. - 7A Diary study by Nezlek and Plesko demonstrated what about self-concept clarity?Participants would have day when the self-concept was clearer. Less clear days occurred when something bad occurred or they were stressed, which reduced their self esteem.
- 8What is self awareness, whom has it and when does it develop?It is the state of awareness of one's characters and behaviours that develops around the age of 18 months.
Humans as well as some animals such as dolphins have been shown to have self awareness.
Awareness is tested using the rouge test- those self aware will try to rub off a dot on the mirror on their nose. - 9What are the types of self-awareness?Public: aware that we are judged by others and therefore adhere to social norms and perhaps develop social anxiety.
Private: personal aspects we are aware of such as our personality and moods. The more in touch we are with this the more likely we can pick on illnesses and address them BUT more likely to become depressed. - 10In a study by Scheier and Carver, what results on self-awareness were demonstrated?When reading negative or positive statements about themselves, positive emotional response was exaggerated when a mirror was present and less were seen when negative ones were read.
- 11A study about the Moral Mirror by Diener and Wallborn demonstrated... What about in Japan?When solving a timed anagram, participants would adhere to the timing more if a mirror was present.
In Japan, these changes were not present, perhaps because culture influence our level of self-awareness (higher in Japan). - 12What is the neurological basis of self-awareness?ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex monitors the self and social cognition
Chronic self-awareness: the medial frontoparietal networks (effortful self-processing). - 13What are the main theories addressed about self-awareness.Self- perception theory: Learning about ourselves by examining our behaviours and how we think about those behaviours. Gyn et al--> imagining training on an exercise they did better in bike test.
Self-discrepancy theory: How congruent the self, ideal self and ought to be self are. Incongruence between ought and actual leads to discomfort but actual and ideal incongruence leads to disappointment.
Regulatory focus theory: We have two regulation systems of promotion and prevention. This can be influenced by mood and individual differences and promotion is related to creativity.
Control theory of self regulation: Using internal or private standards in a cognitive negative feedback system to improve ourselves, but can lead to ego depletion.
Social comparison theory (Festinger) :
- Upward social comparison
- Downward social comparison
- Temporal comparisons can boost self esteem by using downward social comparison of the self.
Self-evaluation maintenance model:
When partaking in upward social comparion, they will bask in others light if you are achematic on that aspect of life - 14What is self-esteem and where does it come from?How a person assess themselves and is intrinsically positive or negative.
Comes from:
parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive= low self-esteem)
Social acceptance/ sociometer (how well we are doing socially) is linked with how good our self-esteem will be. - 15What are the consequences of self-esteem on us?Mood regulation: lower self-esteem= less effort and more maladaptive behaviours.
Protection from the terror of death: people are less likely to be affected by terror management and mortality salience.
Aggression: lowered self-esteem more likely to be antisocial.
Narcissism: Self-esteem is still stronger than most - 16Tice et al found that expressive self-presentation...Publicly affected how it was presented internally after.
- 17How accurate is our self-knowledge?It is limited. We do not know why we like things, when or why attitudes change, how situations affect our behaviour and believe in the wrong source of their change of behaviour.
Affective forecasting error is high as they overestimate the impact of events on their emotions.
Free will: Wegner assumes actions are automatic but we feel like we have free will. - 18What are the motivations that influence social cognition?Accuracy motivation:
- Find out more to control the world we live in
Self-esteem motivation:
- Protect and enhance our esteem
Cognitive consistency:
- Have our beliefs consistent with the facts of the world
Affirming control:
- Feel we are in control - 19How does culture influence the self?Collectivist will see others in relation to them whereas we see other as distinctly different to us
Bicultural: leads to ingration of both cultures into self-concept. - 20In a study by Gardner et al, 1999, participants demonstrated what about culture and the self?If primed with individualistic or collectivist concept, they would endorse these values, showing how exposure leads to the values we have.
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- Psychology (SP302) Karteikarten am SP302: The Self , erstellt von chantel Smith am 02/05/2018.
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- chantel Smith
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