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Japanese History

Aleksandra Biskup Englisch 200 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (200)

  1. 1Feudalism DefinitionA system whereby a person receives land from one of superior rank (the liege lord) in return for a promise of loyalty and military support
  2. 2Feudalism Examples~ Personal loyalties, class distinction, and granting of land rights
    ~ Different social classes had certain rights or duties to one another
  3. 3Result of FeudalismDivision into tight social groups
  4. 4Feudalism and the Economy~ Based on the selling of crops
    ~ Self-sufficiency with little surplus, money or trade
    ~ The village formed a tight economic unit, little contact between villages
  5. 5Feudalism - Basic Social UnitClans of the related people live in the village and pay tribute eg. contributions such as goods or soldiers but also respect, would be paid to the head of the clan (local lord)
  6. 6—Emperor
    Shogun
    Daimyo
    Samurai
    Peasants
    Merchants
  7. 7Emperor~ The sacred nominal (divinity in name only), head of state
    ~ Lived in seclusion in the imperial capital (Kyoto), courtly life
    ~ Considered a 'God' in subjects eyes
    ~ Lost most of ancient ruling power (no political power)
    ~ Centre of loyalty
  8. 8Shogun~ The most powerful daimyo
    ~ Ruler of Japan as a whole - officially (had to!) by the Emperor (You couldn't replace 'God'
    ~ A hereditary position (family)
    ~ The Shogun's capital was Edo (Toyko)
    ~ Military Government General
    ~ Had support of noble class
  9. 9Daimyo~ Feudal military chiefs or feudal lords (feuds are territories)
    ~ Swore allegiance to Shogun
    ~ Responsible for large areas of Japan
    ~ Broken into Fudai and Tozama
    ~ Had own samurai
    ~ Controlled Han
  10. 10FudaiFamily connections to Shogun and trusted by Shogun
  11. 11TozamaUntrustworthy, fought on opposite sides
  12. 12Samurai~ Professional warriors
    ~ Personally loyal to their Daimyo - they protected his land and paid in rice
    ~ Followed Bushido Code
    ~ Enjoyed high status in society, if disrespected able to cut off head
    ~ Had obligations - owed respect
    ~ Given land rights
  13. 13SeppukuThe solemn ceremony of suicide; wives and daughters prepared to kill themselves rather than be shamed
  14. 14Bushido Code"loyalty, bravery, honour"
  15. 15Peasants~ Most of Japanese population - worked farmland
    ~ Legally bound to land and lord (samurai/daimyo) as serf, couldn't move as they please
    ~ Grew mainly rice and heavily taxed (fix bridge, made weapons)
    ~ Peasant uprisings occurred (part of the crop to daimyo)
    ~ Provide services, given protection
  16. 16Merchants not nobel - parasites~ Engaged in trade and money lending
    ~ Wealthy but lacked status - married into samurai for social mobility (good deal)
    ~ "Unproductive class"
  17. 17HanA local government (like province or prefecture) in the Edo period
  18. 18Mid 16th Century ShogunLost control as small states were constantly at war - no strong central government
  19. 19Oda Nubunaga~ Restarted process of reunification of at least half of Japan
    ~ Made dominant figure by equipping soldiers with muskets brought from European Merchants
    ~ Began Shogun process
  20. 20Battle of Sekighara1600's - Ieyasu defeated rivals (wanted all the power)
  21. 211616Ieyasu granted the title of 'Shogun,' eliminate opposition, claim the title
  22. 22Tokugawa Family~ Govern 250 years
    ~ Ruled directly over a quarter of Japan (Shimpan)
    ~ Indirectly over Japan (Daimyo)
    ~ Divided enemies skillfully so they wouldn't attack
  23. 23BakufuCentralised Military Government
    ~ Japan unified under strong Shogun
    ~ Edo, centralised and military
    ~ 2 premises
  24. 24Sankin KotaiAlternative attendance - Hostage system
  25. 255 Steps to Order and Unity1. Daimyo required/forced to live in Edo every second year
    2. Wives and children of daimyo required to live in Edo
    3. Forbode daimyo to repair castles without the Shogun's permission
    4. No daimyo marriages allowed without the Shogun's permission
    5. Rigid social order with strict moral code - social pyramid
  26. 26ShogunateBakufu (military government) - King with his kingdom
  27. 27The Polo's - Zipangu 1295~ Returned to Italy with glowing reports of Cathay (China, tales of an island)
    ~ Marco Polo and other relatives
    ~ Nicollo first to write of Japan
    ~ Inspired other explorers to discover
  28. 28Portuguese~ 1543, traders of Macao, driven off course
    ~ Gun's brought by local daimyo (Oda Nubunaga)
    ~ Japanese fascinated
    ~ "strangers" and "peculiar"
  29. 29Age of Exploration"Glory, Gospel, Gold"
  30. 301549 Francis Xavier and Jesuit Missionaries~ Travelled with traders
    ~ Allowed to begin preaching and converting
    ~ 1549 - Catholic missionaries establish; in conflict people are predisposed to conversion
  31. 31Oda Nubunaga Religious BeliefsHostile to Buddhism; gave Christain support
  32. 32Spanish1590's Franciscans and Dominicans friars arrive (renowned for teachings)
  33. 33Dutch1609 - influence lasted for centuries
    Get privileged position - Protestant
  34. 34RangakuDutch Learning
  35. 35English1613 - 10 years
    UNSUCCESSFUL
  36. 36Increased Trade LinksBecame more aware of new weapons (eg. the Smoothbore musket) - caused disequilibrium in Japan
  37. 37Disequilibrium in JapanTraditional Order
    Samurai warfare (sword to sword)
    Europeans seen as a threat
  38. 38Toyotomi HideyoshiDidn't favour Portuguese or Christianity - Christianity hostile to laws and traditions
  39. 391587 EdictAll Jesuit missionaries given 6 months grace (find ships) to leave Japan on pain of death
  40. 401587 Edict ConsequencesNo action undertaken, secretly carried out their mission
  41. 411592 Rival Franciscan Friars from the PhilippinesPope allowed non-Jesuit orders to preach
  42. 42FranciscansGreat display of religion, defiance angered Hideyoshi
  43. 43February 1597Death of 26 Christians by crucifixion - Christain Church still grew
  44. 44Chinese and Japanese Thinking "Asia-centred"Confident in the superiority of their societies
  45. 45ChinaChinese believed that China was the centre of the world ( superior) and there was no need to absorb (refused) any inferior Western teachings
  46. 46"Euro-centric" EuropeansATAVISTIC
    "Barbarians"
    "Glory, Gospel, Gold" - expense of others
  47. 47AtavisticRelated to the primitive desire to dominate others
  48. 48EdictsLaws of the lands; command from someone of authority (Tokugawa's)
  49. 491612 and 1613 EdictsProhibited Christianity to the Japanese population - approx. 300,000 converts
    Didn't throw Christians out
  50. 501614 Edict~ Foreign priests to leave Japan
    ~ Christain churches demolished
    ~ Christians to renounce faith in Christ
    ~ Removal of external threat
    ~ Christians clashed with culture
    ~ Loyal to Pope
  51. 511613 to 1626Ieyasu son, Hidetada, began persecuting Christians - executions approx. 750
  52. 52Isolation of Japan "Bamboo Curtain"Shogun isolated Japan almost entirely with the exception of some Dutch merchants, Chinese - NO FOREIGNERS - no Japanese could leave or return
  53. 53Edict 1636Shakoku - closed country
  54. 54RangakuScholars learnt about the West and questioned the legality of Bakufu government
  55. 55Long Period of PeaceSamurai didn't have traditional duties, trade and production grew, social pyramid changed
  56. 56Trade and Production within Japan was growing~Merchant class richer and important (remained without status), samurai power
    ~ Cities based on textiles and industry grew
  57. 57The Shimbara Rebellion REASONSChristain persecution climax
    City Shimbara revolted; Christian peasants overtaxed, oppressed
  58. 581627 Shimbara Rebellion5 months fought ban of Christianity
    Crushed April 1638 - 38,000 dead
  59. 59Portuguese DepartureBlamed for Rebellion - Banned to Japan 1639
  60. 60Isolation PeriodUntil 1853 - Chinese trade permitted
  61. 611640Portuguese vessel landed; 13 executed
  62. 621641Dutch only Europeans left - one vessel per year
  63. 63Commodore Perry1853 - American
  64. 64Tokugawa Ieyasu ShogunClaimed title of Shogun in 1603 - ruled over 250 years
  65. 65Life Under the Tokugawa'sJapan cut off from agriculture, industrial, scientific changes - regulated system ​
  66. 66The Decline of the Samurai's~ Life of inactivity, no military service - became writers and scholars
    ~ Served lords, daimyo couldn't pay them
    ~ Join Ronin
    ~ Forced to borrow from the merchant class
  67. 67RoninWithout lords
  68. 68Growth of TradeExpansion of trade and commerce; currency took over batering
  69. 69Merchant Class ExpandedBecame wealthy: created bigger stalls, moved to city
  70. 70Peasant Farmers
  71. 71DaimyoIn debt
  72. 72em Decline of the Tokugawa Syst~ The feudal system, Bakufu, lost reason (built for war - no war)
    ~ Discontent
    ~ Helped Japan meet west - preserve independence
  73. 731800'sDaimyo and samurai discontented - economic position undermined
  74. 74Japanese Scholars - RangakuStudied European science and technology; couldn't put knowledge into practice
  75. 75Effect of Foreigners on the Position of the Shogun~ No choice but to accept the treaty terms
    ~ Shogun forfeited his right to rule - gave into Western demands
    ~ No ships or guns - foreigners couldn't be driven away
    ~ Couldn't not promise future treaties
    ~ Change in the relationship between Shogun and Emperor - consulted Emperor for advice
  76. 76Growth of Edo~ Over a million people
    ~ Clean, recycling programme
    ~ Change in the social order
    ~ Literacy was taught to everyone - 85% of male population
  77. 77Mid 19th Century Threat on Three FrontsRussia - North
    British - South
    America - East
  78. 78SonnoMen of determination who came from the Choshu and Satsuma clans
  79. 79Tozama Clans (Composition)South-West of Japan; Satsuma and Choshu (strong anti-Tokugawa traditions from the defeat at Sekighara)
  80. 80Demands Made1. Restoration of Political power to the Emperor
    2. Expulsion of all foreigners from Japan
  81. 811. Called for Restoration of Political Power to the Emperor~ Outraged that the Shogun signed treaties without his consent
    ~ Emperor was their God
  82. 822. Expulsion of all Foreigners from Japan~ Foreigners increased with the "unequal treaties"
    ~ Japanese viewed them with great distrust and hostility
  83. 83Supporters of the MovementTrouble between clans and western merchants and diplomats
  84. 841860-1863'Shi-Shi' waged campaign against 'barbarians'; murdered western advisors/interpreters and attacked western ships
  85. 85Western GovernmentFined Shogun - caused strain and weakened authority in Edo
  86. 86Western Responsewesterners attacked Satsuma and Choshu provinces - didn't deter 'Shi-Shi' forces
  87. 87'Shi-Shi' Response to Western AttacksClan leaders require Western power to protect itself from West
  88. 881866Death of Shogun
  89. 891867Death of Emperor - Ascension of the Emperor Mutsuhito (The Meiji)
  90. 901866 Secret AllianceSatsuma and Choshu secret alliance with Toza and Hizen - unify country under young successor
  91. 91Fall of the ShogunPrevent bitter fighting between the loyal supporters and the Emperor's imperial forces
  92. 92Civil War 1868Edo and Tokugawa Government gave way; renamed city Tokyo (National Capital)
  93. 93The Emperor Mutsuhito MEIJIEnlightened rule - 16 year old Emperor
  94. 94Ruling Oligarchy/Genro~ Young Samurai
    ~ Usurp power for themselves
    ~ Needed to reconstruct the whole nation
    ~ Control the seal (stamp of authority) of Emperor - issue orders in his name
    ~ Build administration; mechanisms of government
  95. 95New Imperial CapitalTokyo
  96. 9625 July 1869 - Imperial DecreeForced all daimyo to surrender their fiefs and powers
  97. 9729 August 1871Former territories divided into Ken
  98. 98KenA new system of districts or prefectures
  99. 99Radical Change~ People confused and uncertain
    ~ Nation in chaos
    ~ Throwing banknotes in air
    ~ "Who cares" "what the hell"
    ~ Bizarre - usually traditional and tranquil
    ~ Order to anarchy
  100. 100The Charter Oath - April 1886~ Modernise - fix the feudal system
    ~ Announcement by Emperor; the policy of new Government
    ~ Foundation stone for Meiji restoration
    ~ Basis for reforms
    ~ Past evils wiped out
    ~ Reforms initiated by Central Government
    ~ Learn from Western powers - modernise and gain strength
    ~ Overcome chaos of transformation
  101. 101AIMS 1. Deliberate Assemblies Shall be Widely Established and All Matters Decided by Public Decisions~ Establish a parliament, no real power - oligarchy remain in 'real' political control
    ~ Meiji government gain support
    ~ Meiji government consolidate powers
  102. 102OVERCOME 1. Deliberate Assemblies Shall be Widely Established and All Matters Decided by Public Decisions~ Powerful daimyo - give support and modernise Japan
    ~ Emperor not extended power through Japan (not secure)
    ~ Old (Bakufu) government didn't have public assemblies and discussions
  103. 103AIMS 2. All Classes, High and Low, Shall Unite in Vigorously Carrying Out the Administration of Affairs of State~ Unify the nation
    ~ Meant all people could be employed by the government
    ~ Assist the government, regardless of positions
  104. 104OVERCOME 2. All Classes, High and Low, Shall Unite in Vigorously Carrying Out the Administration of Affairs of StateBarred classes from participating in state affairs and occupations (feudal system)
  105. 105AIMS 3. The Common People, No Less than the Civil and Military Officials, Shall each be Allowed to Pursue His Own Calling so there may be no DiscontentEncourage individuals to work; an incentive to improve all lives
  106. 106OVERCOME 3. The Common People, No Less than the Civil and Military Officials, Shall each be Allowed to Pursue His Own Calling so there may be no Discontent~ Abolish feudal order of Japan and specified rank
    ~ Remove discontent from classes lacking rank or exclude from opportunities
    ~ Feudal system restrictive and looked for change
  107. 107~ Abolish feudal order of Japan and specified rank ~ Remove discontent from classes lacking rank or exclude from opportunities ~ Feudal system restrictive and looked for change~ Attain western standards (in law)
    ~ Meet extraterritoriality
    ~ Blanket for the declaration of reform
  108. 108OVERCOME 4. Evil Customs of the Past shall be Broken off Everything Based Upon the Just Laws of Nature~ Old traditions
    ~ Lord having the power of life and death of vessels (Seppuku)
    ~ Barbaric customs
  109. 109AIMS 5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the World so as to Strengthen the Foundations of Imperial Rule~ Consolidation of power
    ~ Centralise and unify the nation
    ~ Westernise/Modernise - learn from foreign nations
    ~ Strengthen country and resist foreign aggression
  110. 110OVERCOME 5. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the World so as to Strengthen the Foundations of Imperial Rule~ Isolation policy - Japan anachromism, missed on political, agarian and industrial revolutions
    ~ Unequal treaties humiliating
  111. 111PIECEMEAL PROCESS Constitution June 1868~ First - very limited
    ~ Brought Charter Oath into effect
    ~ Defined powers of the new government and right of Japanese citizens
    ~ Proved unworkable and abandoned
    ~ (nevertheless) The radical reform program followed
  112. 112PIECEMEAL PROCESS Voluntary Handing Over of Fief by Tozama Daimyo to Emperor 1869~ Dismantling feudalism
    ~ Tozama; supported Emperor, toward daimyo - Governors
    ~ After restoration
    ~ Leaders couldn't create fully centralised government f challenged by powerful lords exercising feudal powers
  113. 11325 July 1869Emperor issued imperial decree - forced daimyo to surrender fiefs and powers
  114. 114OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM 1872 PrefecturesInstead of domains; structure of state; known as ken
  115. 115OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM 1872 Cash PensionsVoluntary handed over
  116. 116OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM 1872 Land Reforms - need farmers on board~ 1872 Certificate of Land Ownership to Peasants
    ~ 1873 Tax in cash; Loss of "commons: - Tenant Farmers
  117. 1171872 Certificate of Land Ownership to PeasantsLand title; Previously impossible
  118. 1181873 Tax in cash; Loss of "commons: - Tenant Farmers~ Some farmers couldn't buy land; pay rent to use land
    ~ No longer in rice
  119. 119CommonsLand peasants/Han used to gather wood, water and hunt
  120. 120Farmland~ Ease burden of heavy public spending on new capital from industry
    ~ Largest source of revenue for the Meiji period
  121. 121Farmers~ Japanese countryside remained worlds away
    ~ Depended on farmers "buy less, grow more"
    ~ "Farmers are the fertilisers of the nation"
    ~ Part of international economies
  122. 122REFORMS Military - Army~ French and German (1871) Model
    ~ 1870 Universal Military Service - Resentment of Samurai
    ~ Modern weapons
    ~ Trained in foreign military academies
  123. 123French and German (1871) modelGermany beat France in 1871 War
  124. 1241870 Universal Military Service - Resentment of Samurai~ Conscription, drafted peasants with guns
    ~ 20-year-old conscripts in the army for three years
    ~ Samurai, military roles taken over by conscripted civilians
    ~ Villages pay for it - outraged at "blood tax"
    ~ Spontaneous rebellions - change programme
  125. 125Rebellion Saigo Takamori Preserve Tradition~ Satsuma rebellion - samurai's last chance
    ~ "Saigo's death was the death of the samurai"
    ~ Led 30,000 ex-samurai into battle against government forces
    ~ "Dirt-farmers" now had the right to bear arms
    ~ 6 months fighting, Saigo performed seppuku
    ~ Followers perished at the hands of the conscripted imperial army
    ~ End marked the beginning of Meiji Transformation
  126. 126Saigo TakamoriThe military leader of the Satsuma forces overcame Shogun
  127. 127REFORMS Military - Navy~ British model, warships and instructors
    ~ Construction of large naval bases at Yokusaka, Sasebo and Kure
    ~ Satsuma Domination
  128. 128British Model, Warships and InstructorsBest in the world; strongest
  129. 129Satsuma Dominationplaced in charge; trusted with defence
  130. 130REFORMS FinanceForeign experts, decimal currency and banks - nation built from scratch
  131. 1311871Decimal currency introduced
  132. 1321872The American system of National Banking for Japan
  133. 133National Banks Established Under Pressure from GovernmentFailed, poor management, no cooperation, failure to compete
  134. 1341882 - European style took placeFirst National Bank - Bank of Japan - formed
  135. 135REFORMS Heavy Industry Encouraged Importing Equipment~ Iron/steel, shipbuilding
    ~ Create infrastructure eg. electricity
    ~ Established major mines, factories, shipyards
    ~ Battleship island - "hell"
  136. 136REFORMS Light Industry Import of Real Materials~ Clothing, textile, footwear
    ~ Textile important (silk), pay for changes
    ~ Girls 10-12 work 12-19 hour shifts
  137. 137REFORMS Transport and Communications~ From Commodore Perry's gifts
    ~ 1871 Telegraph and Postal Systems
    ~ 1872 Railway Linking Tokyo and Yokohama
    ~ 1885 Mitsubishi - Japanese mail line
  138. 1381871 Telegraph and Postal Services~ Cheaper to construct (than trains)
    ~ Linked all major cities to Japan 1880
  139. 1391872 Railway Linking Tokyo and Yokohama~ First railway line
    ~ Short-time 2 million people per year
    ~ 1874- Kobe to Osaka built, extended to Kyoto in 1877
  140. 140REFORMS Zaibatsu State Owned Enterprises~ State control - Privatisation
    ~ Provided a strong financial base for industry and promoted rapid economic growth
  141. 141State Control - Privatisation~ State modernised too fast, ran out of money
    ~ Family businesses
    ~ "National achievement, private profit"
    ~ Government sold off certain industries to private companies
    ~ Grew large businesses combines (Zaibatsu)
  142. 142REFORMS Education - Stone of Japan~ 1871 Ministry of Education
    ~ 1872 Decree - Primary Education
    ~ Second and Technical Schools
    ~ !871 Tokyo University - Principal training for future Government leaders
  143. 1431871 Ministry of EducationEstablished to provide education to all people regardless of social class or gender; Non-Confucian/Samurai
  144. 1441872 Decree - Primary EducationAll Japanese have at least 4 years of primary schooling
    By 1910, 98% of Japanese students receive compulsory education
  145. 1451871 Tokyo University Principal Training for Future Government Leaders9 years later, reorganised into a multi-faculty university
  146. 1461890 "Rescript on Education"~ Ordered the Traditional Confucian and Shinto values not be neglected
    ~ Japan's leader succeeded in creating a literate, technologically advanced society
    ~ Strong nationalism and sense of obedience
  147. 147REFORMS Legal~ Inlpications of extraterritorial rights of foreigners
    ~ 1871 Judicial Department - Ministry of Justice
    ~ Criminal and Civil Law
  148. 148Implications of Extraterritorial Rights of Foreigners~ Japan humiliated by the existence of extraterritoriality
    ~ Removal of prime aim for judicial reform
    ~ 1900 Help of European lawyers, Japanese legal system overhauled (Western powers willing to give up demands)
  149. 149Criminal and Civil LawFrench criminal law
    German commercial law
  150. 150Meiji Transformation"Civilisation and enlightenment"
    Love of all things western
    Democratisation of Japan - Emperor at top
    Everyone had incentive - equal opportunity
    "rich nation, strong military"
  151. 151Fukuzawa Yukichi~ Popularised western style
    ~ Western timekeeping (clock)
    ~ "Prophet for the modern age"
    ~ Japanese currency
    ~ Representation of the spirit of Japan "Heaven creates no man above or below another man"
    ~ Progress in the national level success at the individual level
  152. 152Westernisation~ Haircutting - "if you slap a barbered head it sounds back civilisation and enlightenment"
    ~ Progress and aping - Few wanted to abolish Japanese language/interbreeding
  153. 153MEIJI MODERNISATION International Relations1. Search for economic autonomy - expansion in Asian mainland (Korea and China)
    2. Search for security acquisition in strategic areas (Korea and Manchuria)
  154. 1541. Search for economic autonomy - expansion in Asian mainland (Korea and China)~ Colonies a source of food, raw materials, investment in Chinese capital (machinery)
    ~ Colonies considered being obtained by western powers
  155. 1552. Search for security acquisition in strategic areas (Korea and Manchuria)Japan able to protect themselves
  156. 156Three Schools of Thought1. Civil Bureaucrats (administrators)
    2. Military Bureaucrats
    3. Radicals
    The future of Japan was shaped in terms of conquest
  157. 157Civil Bureaucrats (administrators)advocated gradual change and peaceful absorption of western knowledge
  158. 158Military Bureaucratsdesirable expansion
  159. 159Radicalswanted democratic government and social reform but placed military expansion first
  160. 160The Sino-Japanese War Causesexpansion by vigorous modernising of Japan - expense of China
  161. 161China Position~ Suffered from corruption (misspending money)
    ~ Rebellion and foreign pressures (concessions and resources extracted by western powers - slicing of the Chinese melon)
  162. 162SINO-JAPNESE WAR CAUSES Treaty of TientsinSigned 1871 - Japan benefitted from China's weaknesses - signed on basis of equality - the first time - reciprocation
  163. 163SINO-JAPNESE WAR CAUSES Treaty of Tientsin - Provisions/Terms~ Both countries citizens granted extraterritorial rights (subject to laws of their own nation)
    ~ Open ports for trade, no inland venture
    ~ Did not achieve most-favoured-nation clause - defeat, not strong enough to dictate
  164. 164SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Loochoo Islands 1891Spoke Japanese, paid tribute to China and Japan
  165. 165SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Sailors Murdered in Taiwan1871 - murdered by Aborigines
  166. 166SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Japan Claimed Compensation (China also claimed the Loochoo's)Refused Loochoos, did not involve Japanese citizens
  167. 167SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES Japan Sent Force Against TaiwaneseDid not accept China's claim, sent force 1874, appeared war outbreak
  168. 168SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES China Capitulated (weakness) - Paid Indemnity to JapanJapan withdrew troops, indemnity for sailors and military expedition
  169. 169SINO-JAPANESE WAR CAUSES 1879 Japan Formally Annexed Loochoo's as Okinawa Prefecture of JapanChina gave up claims - Japan victorious
  170. 170Korea - The Hermit Kingdomhelpless under the suzerainty ('sovereign') of China, policy of isolation
  171. 171Japan interested in Control of Koreasource raw materials and markets
    "dagger pointed at the heart of Japan" - Russian expansion
  172. 1721868 Japan Attempts to Establish Diplomatic Relations Rejected~ Request for mutual diplomatic recognition
    ~ Korean ruler rejected
    ~ Section of Japanese Government demanded war (avenge insult)
    ~ Peace party won - no war
  173. 1731875 Japan Threatens Forcesecond mission negative result, before threat, Koreans gave way
  174. 1741875 Treaty of Kanghwa~ Diplomatic relations established
    ~ Three Korean ports opened to merchants
    ~ Japan recognised Korea, independent state, own gain
    ~ Extraterritorial rights granted to Japan (superior)
  175. 1751875 Treaty of Kanghwa Korean ResponseKorea still considered itself under the suzerainty of China
  176. 1761875 Treaty of Kanghwa Korean Response ConservativesStay with China
  177. 1771875 Treaty of Kanghwa Korean Response Progressiveslook to Japan (vital)
  178. 1781882 Attack of Japanese at the Legation at SeoulConservatives organised attack; Japanese government sent troops; situation ominous peace prevailed
  179. 1791885 Li-To ConventionJapanese and Chinese both agree to withdraw troops from Seoul and notify each other if troops return
  180. 1801894 Rebellion of Tong Kak SocietyFaced by King of Korea; reactionary and anti-foreign group (conservatives) - Korea appeals to China
  181. 1811894 Rebellion of Tong Kak Society JAPANESE RESPONSEJapan sends 6x troops - 'supposedly' protect Japanese citizens in Korea
  182. 1821894 Rebellion of Tong Kak Society OUTCOMEOn arrival rebellion crushed by loyal Korean forces; Japanese unwilling to withdraw forces, provoke war, severe Korean connection with China
  183. 183Japan deposed King of Korea - Set up Puppet Regent~ Korean King refused Japanese insistence on indolence from China
    ~ Seized by Japanese soldiers, imprisoned in Japanese legation
  184. 184Regent Severed Korean Connections with China~ Puppet Regent - broke off diplomatic relations with China
    ~ China sent reinforcements in ship
  185. 185The Kowshing Sunk by Japan China Declared War on JapanGreat loss of life; a week after, war officially declared
  186. 186EVENTS/COURSE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894-5 - CHINESE DEFEATS Pursued Across the Yalu River~ Army hurled out of Korea
    ~ Followed by Japanese across the river
    ~ Raced across Manchuria
    ~ Lost battle in September
  187. 187EVENTS/COURSE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894-5 - CHINESE DEFEATS Port Arthur Stormed~ Fell on November 21
    ~ Japanese more skilful
    ~ Chinese ships; lack of ammunition, more ships
    ~ Massacre - lasted three months
    ~ Japanese loss of control, threatened their international reputation
  188. 188EVENTS/COURSE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1894-5 - CHINESE DEFEATS Surrender at Wei Hai February 1895~ Chinese fleet fell back
    ~ Defeat by forces everywhere
    ~ Chinese government forced to sue for peace
  189. 189Peace Treaty of ShimonosekiSigned 17 April 1895; China made concessions
  190. 190Peace Treaty of Shimonoseki Terms~ Korea recognised as an independent state by China
    ~ Japan gained territory; Liatuong Penisula, Taiwan and Pescadores Islands
    ~ Four new ports
    ~ Most-favoured nation rights - Japan (reaches status of Western powers)
    ~ China indemnity of 200 million taels
  191. 191Japan Consequences~ International prestige - "world power"
    ~ Domination of Korea by Japan
    ~ The "war party" acclaimed for victory (strengthened in Japan)
    ~ Japan embarked on expansionist, imperialistic course
  192. 192Japanese "War Party"Military influence in government grew (only governors and admirals could serve as ministers for army or navy)
  193. 193China Consequences~ Weakness and corruption of China
    ~ Desire to replace Mancha dynasty grew
    ~ Sparked off increasing demand for concession by Europeans (slicing of the Chinese melon grows)
    ~ Myth of "sleeping dragon" - nothing
  194. 194Tripple InterventionRussia, Germany and France "requested the Liatuong Penisula return to China
    *Britain previously signed treaty*
  195. 195Tripple Intervention Reasons~ Japanese occupation threatened the peace of the region
    ~ Russia desired Port Arthur - building a railway
    ~ Europe had to take Japan into calculation in diplomacy
  196. 196Tripple Intervention Japanese Reaction~ Japan not strong enough to fight three European powers - outraged
    ~ Japan "bear the unbearable," surrender territory
    ~ Accept 30 million taels to the indemnity
  197. 197BOXER REBELLION Hatred for "Foreign Devils" 'Boxers of Society' or 'Harmonious Fists'By-products of foreign intervention - growth anti-foreign feeling
    ANTI-CHRISTIAN, ANTI-FOREIGN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN NORTH CHINA
  198. 198By-products of foreign intervention - growth anti-foreign feeling ANTI-CHRISTIAN, ANTI-FOREIGN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN NORTH CHINA~ Boxers attack Christain missions, missionaries, converts and western innovations
    ~ Wished to destroy everything - foreign flavour
    ~ Forced out of Shantung - Peking Lay
  199. 199Mancha Dynasty Response Boxer Rebellion~ Empress Dowager strong policy against foreign powers in Japan - China resist force in unacceptable demands
    ~ Empress encouraged boxers; Imperial forces joined
  200. 200BOXER REBELLION Arrival 1900Attack foreign legations, murdered German and Japanese ambassadors

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Beschreibung
The history of Japan prior to the Tokugawa Shogunate and into the 20th Century.
Erstellt von
Aleksandra Biskup
Aufrufe
52
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