Karteikarten
memory
Karten in diesem Stapel (24)
- 1research on codingbaddley - acoustic in stm ; semantic in ltm
- 2evaluationartificial stimuli - word lists had no personal significance
- 3research on capacitydigit span - jacobs (digit span) : 9.3 digits : 7.3 letters
span of memory and chunking - miller : 7 +/- span : putting items together extends stm capasity - 4evaluationlacking validity - could be extraneous variables such as distractions
not so many chunks - cowan : estimated stm as about four chunks - 5research on durationstm - peterson + peterson : up to 18 seconds without rehersal
ltm - bahrick et al (yearbooks) : recognition of faces 90% after 15 years : recal 60% ; recognition dropped to 70% after 48 years - 6evaluationmeaningless stimuli - used consonant syllables
higher external validity - meaningful real-life memories : showed greater recall than ltm studies with meaningless material (shepherd)
peterson and peterson may be displacement not decay - 7the multi-store modelsensory register - iconic and echonic stores with very brief duration : high capacity ; transfer by attention
stm - limited capacity and duration store ; mainly acoustic coding ; transfer to ltm by rehearsal
ltm - unlimited capacity and duration : permanent store ; maily semantic ; created through maintenance rehearsal - 8evaluationsupporting research evidence - studies into coding : capacity and duration demonstrate differences between stm and ltm
there is more than one type of stm - studies of amnesia (kf) show different stms for visual and auditory material
there is more than one type of rehearsal - elaborate rehearsal necessary for transfer to ltm : not maintenance rehearsal
artificial materials ; there is more than one type of ltm - 9types of long term memoryepisodic - memory for events in our lives
semantic - memory for knowledge of the world
procedural - memory for automatic and often skilled behaviours - 10evaluationclinical evidence - clive wearing and hm had damaged episodic memories by semantic and procedural memories were fine
neuroimaging evidence - episodic and procedural memories recalled from different parts of the prefrontal cortex
real-life applications - training programme for adults with mild cognitive impairments
problems with clinical evidence ; three types of stm or two? - 11the working memory modelcentral executive - co-ordinates slave systems and allocates resourses : very limited storage
phonological loop - auditory information : phonologcal store and articulary process (maintenance rehearsal)
visuo-spatial sketchpad - visual information : visual cach (store) and inner scribe (spatial arrangement)
eposodic buffer - integrates processing of slave systems and records the order of events ; linked to ltm - 12evaluationclinical evidence - kf had poor autitory memory but good visual memory ; damaged pl but vss fine
dual-task performance - difficult to do two visual tasks at the same time yet one visual and one verbal is okay (baddley et al)
lack of clarity over the ce - not yet fully explained : probably has different components
studies of the word-length effect support he pl ; brain scanning studies support the wwm - 13interference theorytypes of interference - proactive : old memories disrupt new ; retroactive new memories disrupt old
effects of similarity - mcgeoch and mcdonald : similar words created more interference - 14evaluationevidence from lab studies - well-controlled studies show interference effects
artificial materials - lists of words are not like everyday memory : may overemphasise interference as an explanation
real-life studies - baddley and htch (rugby players) supported interference
time between learning ; interference effects may be overcome by using cues - 15retrieval failure theoryencoding specificity principle - tulving : cues most effective if present at coding and at retrieval ; may be a meaningful link
context-dependant forgetting - godden and baddley (deep-sea divers) : recall better when external contexts matched
state-dependant forgetting - carter and cassaday (anti-histamine) : recall better when internal states matched - 16evaluationsupporting evidence - Eysenck claims retrieval failure is most important reason for ltm forgetting
questioning context effects - no forgetting unless contexts are very different
recall versus recognition - absence of cues affects recall but not recognition
problems with the encoding specificity principle ; real-life applications - 17misleading informationleading questions - loftus and palmer (car speed) estimates affected by leading question (smashed versus contacted)
why leading question affect ewt - response bias - no change to memory ; substitution explanation supported by loftus and palmer and report of presence of glass
post-event discussion - - 18evaluationuseful real-life application - could help prevent miscarriages of justice and change police interviewing
tasks are artificial - watching film clips ignores the stress and anxiety associated with a real crime
individual differences - older people may be less accurate because of own-age bias
demand characteristics ; consequences of ewt - 19the effects of anxietynegative effect on recall - johnson and scott (weapon focus) : high-anxiety knife condition led to less good recall ; tunnel theory of memory
positive effect on recall - yuille and cutshall (shooting) : high anxiety associated with better recall when witnessing real crime
explaining the contradictory findings - Yerkes-Dodson law suggests both low and high anxiety lead to poor recall (deffenbacher) - 20evaluationweapon focus effect may be irrelevant - pickel (raw chicken) showed that it may be surprise and therefore tells us nothing about effects of anxiety
field studies sometimes lack control - researchers can't control what happens to witnesses between the crime and the interview
ethical issues - creating anxiety in lab studies may cause psychological harm
the inverted-u explanation is too simplistic ; demand characteristics operate in lab studies of anxiety - 21the cognitive interviewreport everything - include even unimportant details
reinstate the context - picture the scene and recall how you felt ; context-dependent forgetting
reverse order - recall from the end and work backwards ; disrupts expectations
change perspective - put yourself in the shoes of someone else present ; disrupts schema
enhanced cognitive interview - adds social dynamics : establishing eye-contact - 22evaluationci is time consuming - takes longer and needs special training
some elements may be more valuable than others - report everything and reinstate the context used together produced best recall
support of the effectiveness of eci - eci consistently produces more accurate recall than standard
variations of ci are used ; ci creates an increase in inaccurate information - 23studies of cultural variationsvan ijzendoorn - compared rates of attachment type in 8 countries ; found more variation within than between countries
other studies - simonella et al : Italian attachment rates have been changed : may be due to changing practices ; jin et al Korean attachment rates similar to japan : could be due to similar child-rearing styles
conclusions - appears attachment in innate and universal and secure attachment is normal ; however cultural practices affect rates of attachment types - 24attachment and later relationshipsinternal working model - Bowlby's idea that the primary attachment relationship provides a template for later relationships
relationships in later childhood - kerns : securely attached children have better friendships ; Myron-Wilson and smith : securely attached children less likely to be involved in bullying
relationships with romantic partners - McCarthy : securely attached adults have better relationships with friends and partners ; hazan and shaver : secure responders had better and longer-lasting relationships : avoidant responders had fear of intimacy
parental relationships - bailey et al : mother's attachment type matched that of their mothers and their babies
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am memory, erstellt von m b am 23/06/2018.
- Erstellt von
- m b · Jun 2018
- Aktualisiert
- 23 Jun 2018
- Aufrufe
- 0
- Bewertung