Karteikarten
problem solving
Karten in diesem Stapel (20)
- 1problem solvingyeaaaaaaaaa boi
- 2what is Well-defined problemsClear start and end goal
- 3what is a Ill-defined problem solvingthe initial state, the operations and goal-state or either unknown or unclear
- 4what does Dunker, 1945 say about problem solvingA problem arises when a living organism has a goal, but does not know how this goal is to be reached
- 5what does Eysenck & Keane, 2010, p. 458 say about problem solvingProblem solving is a ‘…cognitive activity that involves moving from the recognition that there is a problem through a series of steps to the solution. Most other forms of thinking involve some problem solving’
- 6what does Algorithm within problem solving meancomputational method/procedure that will definitely solve a problem
- 7what does Heuristics mean within problem solvingstrategies (gut responses) not guaranteed to solve problem(s) such as Random search-Hill climbing-Means-end analysis
- 8what did Newell & Simon (1972) doDesigned a general problem solving machine
- but stuggles with real life probelems - 9what does Simon, 1975; Anzai & Simon, 1979 say heuristics used in well-defined problem solvingA number of strategies can be applied such as hill climbing, sub goaling and means end analysis
- 10what is hill climbingsimplest yet often least effective way to navigate through problem; try and get a as close to goal-state asap (Anderson, 1990; Kotovsky, Hayes, & Simon, 1986); but often have to move temporarily away from goal state
- 11what is subgoalingsimply, splitting problem into smaller chunks & solving each sub-goal one at a time
- 12what is a means end analsysSGing & hill climbing combined- Given a current state and a goal state, an action is chosen which will reduce the difference between the two. The action is performed on the current state to produce a new state, and the process is recursively applied to this new state and the goal state.
- 13what is Luchins (1942): Einstellung effect meanwhen using a similar strategy for a similar experiement.
- more appropriate methods could be used - 14when are transfer of skill successful according to Chen, 2002if they are
superficial (solution irrelevant details – objects – common to both problems)
structural (causal relations among main components are shared)
procedural (e.g., driving two similar cars at different times) - 15what did Jean Piaget saychildren are little scientists
- 16what is problem solvingA mental process that involves recognising, defining and resolving an obstacle or to meet a desired state or goal
- 17How has research using the Balance Scale Paradigm informed us about problem solving abilities and development?Problem solving ability is affected by other executive functioning abilities.Children can learn from experience with problems- and can learn from both successes and failures. Children need to have a developmental ‘readiness’ for teaching to be effective
- 18what does Alan Turing, 1950 say about the link between cognitive development and artificial intelligence“Instead of trying to produce a programme to simulate the adult mind, why not rather try to produce one which simulations the child’s?”
- 19What are the links between cognitive development and machine learning/artificial intelligenceLike children (or us), networks can be explicitly taught certain rules or features to solve a problem, identify something or put things into categories, but need to be sensitive to exceptions and careful not to overgeneralise
- 20what is Artificial Neural NetworksArtificial Neural Networks (or Connectionist Models) are dynamic computer simulations that consist of ‘nodes’ or 'units' and ‘connections’ that historically were created to be similar in structure and function to neurons and axons.
Developmental Psychologists can use ANNs to study how learning might take place
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- Psychology Karteikarten am problem solving , erstellt von sam taylor am 19/04/2019.
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- sam taylor
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