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Theory
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- 1Weberianism- social actor theorists
- micro as it focuses on social behaviour in small social situations
- focuses on the social action and interaction between social actors - 2What does Weber argue ?- social actors can exercise agency; they can act independently and make free choices ( freewill )
- social behaviour is intentional; social actors choose a rational path in order to achieve a specific goal
- this is a voluntaristic view - 3what does he try to explain- how and why agents create and recreate social reality through their everyday actions and interaction
- achieve verstehen ( empathetic understanding)
- - 44 ideal types of rational action1 traditional action
2 affective action
3 instrumental action
4 value rational action - 51)- TRADITIONAL ACTION
-it is an action taken out of habit; i is customary to act in that way
- a tradition - 62)- AFFECTIVE ACTION
- this is action taken in response of an emotional feeling
- e.g. crying at a funeral - 73)- INSTRUMENTAL RATIONAL ACTION
- an action taken because the benefits outweigh the costs - 84)- VALUE RATIONAL ACTING
- an action based on its importance even if the costs out-way the benefits
- A devoutly religious person staying celibate - 9asess- he ignores external structural and cultural forces
- apolitical
- not a structural perspective
- - 10Symbolic interactionism- MEAD
- micro
- social action perspective
- concerned with action and interaction in small scale groups - 11what is it ?- based on symbolic action where social actors attach to the oral visual and physical exchanges
- these exchanges are open for . interpretations
- human interaction are normally shared by people from the same culture - 12- 5 theories in order to explain social behaviour1 social roles
2 self concept
3 labels
4 definition of situation
5 presentation of self - 131)- SOCIAL ROLES
- not fixed
- they are flexible guides for actors which are negotiable
- tend to conform to what society has decided is acceptable
- they are learnt and internalised through the socialisation process - 142 )- SELF CONCEPT
- comes from how other people see us
- a unique identity that informs us how to act and interact with other social actors - 153)- LABELS
- labels can be positive or negative
- how someone has been categorised as particular types
- labels are self fulling and u act the way u have been labelled
- some labels can be difficult to overcome e.g. criminal - 164- DEFINITION OF SITUATION
- social actors define each social situation using oral, physical or visual clues
- THOMAS argued that people act and interact according to the social situation - 175)- PRESENTATION OF SELF
- influence how people view us by using impression management
- they interpret the actions of others (body language) - 18Assess- ignore external structural and cultural forces
- Apolitical - 19social construction of social reality: what is culture- the way of life of social actors in a society
- the shared norms values and beliefs - 20Dominant culture vs the submissive- dominant culture is the shared norms values beliefs etc in the majority of society
- submissive culture is the shared norms values and beliefs in the minority - 21material culture vs symbolic culture- material culture refers to the physical and visual things that make up culture of a society
- symbolic refers to the unseen values and beliefs that influence social behaviour - 22social reality- individuals understanding, awareness and experience of the dominant culture of society
- a societies culture forms the basis of our perception of what is real
- there for reality is a social construct - 23structural theorists on social reality- social reality is based on the pre existing culture that people are born into
- learn and internalise norms values and beliefs through the process of socialisation - 24Interactional theories on social reality- social actors actively create and recreate social reality through their everyday actions and interactions in small scale group situations
- 25what are normsnorms are written and unwritten rules that act as a specific guide to action and interaction in different social situations
- 26formal norms- usually expressed as laws
- they are the strongest type of norm in a society
- usually written down - 27Informal norms- used to guide individuals behaviour when participating in a specific role
e.g. sitting on a chair in a class room - 28what is a value- a belief that something is important and worthwhile
- act as general guides for social behaviour; how people act and interact in different social situations - 29cultural values- widely shared by people from a specific culture
e.g. capital punishment - in our culture it os not seen as acceptable to do this however in some cultures ( majority in America ) it is seen as acceptable - 30personal values- those which a particular to an individual
e.g. capital punishment - an individual may agree that the death penalty is acceptable in the same culture - 31what are beliefs- a fundamental idea that something is true, it may not be based on evidence
- beliefs are general guides on how people act and interact in different social situations - 32cultural belief- collective ideas in a culture and are predominantly determined by which culture you are in
e.g. different religions - 33personal beliefs- a personal belief is individuals in a society who have their own specific beliefs
e.g some believe in taking risks others don't - 34what are Ideologies- a set of interrelated and interconnected values, beliefs, norms etc about society
- 35dominant ideologies- the social reality of a group is more likely to be based on dominant ideologies
- social actors are more likely to learn and internalise the social norms values and beliefs of powerful groups
e.g CAPATALISM - 36subordinate ideologies- the social reality of a group is less likely to be based on a subordinate ideology
- social actors are less likely to learn and internalise social norms values and beliefs of less powerful groups
e.g COMMUNISM - 37what are statuses- a social position held by a member of society which usually has a social standing
- 38ascribed statuses- fixed at birth
- usually by inheritance or biology
- biological sex - 39achieved statuses- achieved through the actions of an individual
e.g. a doctor - 40what are Roles- a social role is a set of norms values and beliefs associated with a specific status
- the socially prescribed patterns of appropriate and acceptable behaviour with a particular social status - 41ascribed roles- those we are given or forced to play by others whom are usually more powerful
- 42achieved roles- those we choose to play but we have to earn them
e.g. a teacher has to train - 43intER cultural diversity- the cross cultural differences between the cultures of different societies
- the different norms values and beliefs that make up a culture which is different from another - 44left wingcultural relativism
- have a positive view on cultural diversity
- they argue that u cannot judge one cultural as objectively superior to another
- different versions of reality
- there are no superior or inferior roles, norms, values, statuses etc they are just . different - 45right wingcultural absolutism
- negative view of cultural diversity
opposite of relativism - 46in the middlesoft relativism
- we must be cautious of judging other cultures - 47example of cultural diversityMOSUO culture
where women are in charge they do not marry and it is normal for the women to not know the father of their children - 48intRA cultural diversityrefers the diversity in sub cultures within a society
-the variety of norms values and beliefs that distinguish one sub culture from another within a society
- social actors social reality will be influenced by the norms values and beliefs of a subculture as well as dominant culture - 49what are the 5 sub-cultural groups1 class diversity
2 gender diversity
3 age diversity
4 religious diversity
5 ethnic diversity - 50class diversity- socially constructed diversity between classes in a subculture
- different norms values and beliefs distinguish different class groups - 51gender diversity- socially constructed diversity between men and women in a subculture
- 52Age diversity- refers to the socially constructed diversity between different age groups in a subculture
- 53religious diversity- refers to the socially constructed diversity between religious groups in a subculture
- 54ethnic diversitythe socially constructed diversity between ethnic groups in a society
- 55what has globalisation causedpeople are increasingly exposed to a wide variety of norms values and beliefs
- 56arguments against socialisation- the community is losing its culture and traditions
- the community is losing what adds colour to the world - 57arguments supporting globalisation- laws have been changed which were restricting economic trade
- new technologies have improved communication
- we can lead more diverse lives with a greater choice on the high street, rising in living standards and extended travel opportunities
-reduce poverty
- greater understanding of different cultures - 58some critics of globalisation are worried about what ?cultural imperialism
where one dominant society imposes its culture onto a subordinate society
the norms values and beliefs of a society are changed by a dominant society - 59consumer culture ( what is it ?)a way of life that is based on consumption; the consumption of goods or services. some theorist argue that social reality is based on the consumer culture
- 603 things that marx arguescommodification
false needs
commodity fetishism - 61marx argue what ?false need
- the bourgeoise use the media and advertising to convince people that they need goods and services which are unnecessary
- they create false needs in order to maximise money - 62MArx argue what ?commodification
- the bourgeoisie commodify products and services so that they can be bought and sold - 63marx argue what ?commodity fetishism
- the bourgeoisie use the media and advertising to make people become obsessed and fixated on buying goods and services for a higher price - 64Socialisation : structural theorists- human behaviour is largely determined external structural and cultural forces
- socialisation is a cultural force that largely determines social behaviour
(marxists and functionalist) - 65interactionist theorist- human social behaviour is influenced by external structural and cultural forces however it is not determined by these forces
- they learn and internalise cultural norms values and beliefs through the process of socialisation however they are only guidelines - 66for sorces of socialisationfamily
education
religion
media - 67what is social disorder- unregulated patterns that do not conform to societies norms, values and beliefs
- non conformists - 68what is social order- regulated patterns which conform to societies norms values and beliefs
- 69Berger identified 4 common mechanism of social controlPhysical violence
economic pressure
social acceptance
socialisation - 70violencesocial order may be achieved by threat of physical violence
based on fear
formal: london riots
informal: husband to wife - 71economic pressurethe anxiety caused by the lack of financial resources
formal: a fine
informal: husband to wife - 72social acceptance- based on the desire to be accepted by others and fear of isolation
formal: prison
informal: wearing clothes to fit into a peer group - 73Socialisationformal : schools
informal: family - 74weber views on power:the ability of an individual or group to achieve there own aims when others are trying to prevent
- 752 types of powercoercive
authoritative - 76Coercive- achieve aims through fear, threat and force
- 77authoritativeachieve aims through consent
- 78functionalists on social ordersociety is made up of interconnected interrelated sun-systems that perform positive functions
- 79marx . and femenist view on identitiesidentities are based on domination, subordination and exploitation
- 80adams and marshalls positive view of social identity 5 reasonsstructure
goals
personal control
harmony
future - 81—
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- Karteikarten am Theory, erstellt von Ellie chitty am 20/05/2019.
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