Karteikarten
Adolescence Midterm 3
Karten in diesem Stapel (124)
- 1Reciprocal Socialization (bi-directional)A process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize them.
- 2The systems perspective on the familyA constellation of subsystems is defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.
- 3An indirect effect of the systems perspective on familyWhen the behavior of one family member changes, it can influence the behavior of other family members
- 4Typical adolescent changespuberty
expanded logical reasoning
increasingly idealistic thinking
violated expectations
changes in school, peers, friendships
dating
movement towards independence - 5Typical parental changesmarital satisfaction
economic burden
career reevaluation & time constraints
health & body concerns - 6How can parents effectively manage and monitor their adolescents?Managing: by helping adolescents to avoid pitfalls & to work their way through a myriad of choices & decisions they face.
Monitoring: solicitation (asking questions), control (disclosure rules), snooping - 7Is parent-adolescent conflict necessarily bad?No parent-adolescent conflict is not necessarily bad because to a degree the child should be allowed to have an opinion, express differences, and disagree.
- 8The "new model" (Larry Steinberg)A critic of the literature in this field. It's an optimistic model it provides a different emphasis on the parent-adolescence relationship (the old one emphasizes too much of the idea that parent-adolescence relationships don't overlap), and the conflict it acknowledges the conflict but identifies that it's moderate and not extreme.
- 9Parenting StylesAuthoritarian
Authoritative
Neglectful
Indulgent - 10AuthoritarianA restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the adolescent to follow directions and to respect work and effort. Firm limits & controls are placed on the adolescent, and little verbal exchange is allowed.
Outcomes: This style is associated with adolescents' socially incompetent behavior. - 11AuthoritativeEncourages adolescents to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. The extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed & parents are still warm and nurturant toward the adolescent.
Outcomes: This style is associated with adolescents' socially competent behavior. - 12NeglectfulA style in which the parent is uninvolved in the adolescent's life.
Outcomes: It is associated with adolescents' social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control. - 13IndulgentA style in which parents are highly involved with their adolescents but place few demands or controls on them.
Outcomes: Associated with adolescents' social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control - 14Why does the Authoritative Parenting style generally work best?1. An appropriate balance between control and autonomy
2. More likely to engage in verbal give-and-take & to allow adolescents to express their views
3. Makes adolescents more receptive to parental influence - 15Ethic examples of seemingly "authoritarian" parenting that nonetheless work well in some contexts but is child abuse, physical or otherwise, ever justifiable:Asian families
African-American
Child abuse is never justifiable - 16Criticisms of Baumrind's parenting styles:-Many parents use multiple styles and not just one
-Some of the lines are blurred between Authoritative and Authoritarian. - 17Important for a positive family systemThe father is important, the mom needs to be valued, and shared time together as a family (meals and communication)
- 18Co-ParentingWhen parents are showing solidarity, cooperation, and warmth to the child and cooperation, mutual respect, balanced communication, and attunement to each other there are benefits to co-parenting
- 19Co-parenting benefits:prosocial behavior and competence in peer relations, positive attitudes towards males and females, and engagement in fewer risky behaviors.
- 20What do parents and adolescents typically argue about?everyday aspects of life, keeping the bathroom clean, chores, etc
- 21When during adolescence do the typical conflicts "peak"?early adolescents
- 22The important aspects of adolescent autonomy for adolescent development:Self-direction and independence
- 23What basic foundational factor plays a role in healthy adolescent autonomy?Emotional Autonomy: The capacity to relinquish childlike dependence on parents.
- 24Insecure attachment and its formsAttachment patterns in which infants, children, and adolescents either avoid the caregiver or show considerable resistance or ambivalence toward the caregiver.
- Dismissing/Avoidant
- Preoccupied/Ambivalent
- Unresolved/Disorganized - 25Dismissing/Avoidant AttachmentIndividuals deemphasize the importance of attachment either avoid the caregiver or show considerable resistance or ambivalence toward the caregiver
- 26Preoccupied/Ambivalent AttachmentAdolescents are hyper-attuned to attachment experiences. Mainly occurs b/c parents are inconsistently available to the adolescent.
- 27Unresolved/Disorganized AttachmentAdolescents have an unusually high level of fear and are disoriented. This can result from traumatic experiences such as a parent's death or abuse by parents.
- 28What does the "new model" of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?That parent-adolescent relationships do overlap. Parents have room to manage and monitor their adolescents.
- 29In what basic way can parental history impact children's/adolescents' peer relations?- Their interactions with them
- How they manage their lives
- the opportunities provided to them - 30Age trends in peer conformity; 1. Grade of peak negative peer conformity 2. wane of peer influence1. 9th
2. 11th-12th - 31Peer Group in adolescent development: 1. Positive contributions 2. Negative contributions *Anna Freud's findings1. Prosocial behavior, exploration of fairness and justice, learning to be observers of peers' interests & perspectives, skilled and sensitive partners.
2. drug use, delinquency, depression, sexual activity, & Self-injury
* She argued that there was some positive role of the peer connection.
Downside: they were still insecure about outsiders. - 32Peer statuses in sociometric studies:- Popular children
- Average Children
- Neglected children
- rejected children - 33Popular peers characteristicsChildren who are frequently nominated as best friends are rarely disliked by their peers.
- they give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication, are happy, control their negative emotions, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited. - 34What is the proportion of rejected boys that are aggressive?50%
- 35Reasons highly aggressive boys are rejected1. more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention
2. more emotionally reactive
3. fewer social skills - 36What longitudinal finding suggests that boys may actually approve of antisocial or deviant behavior?Minor delinquent acts are considered a badge of honor almost.
Positive reputation if you engage in some kind of minor delinquent act
Sugar in salt shakers in restaurant & owner chases after them & they think its funny
Boys become more popular - 37Describe a "Conglomerate" strategy for improving social skills.The use of a combination o techniques, rather than a single approach, to improve adolescents' social skills; aka coaching.
An example of a conglomerate strategy is the EQUIP program. - 38What goes into successful peer relations?Same age friendships
- 39How is friendship important (six functions)?1. Companionship
2. Stimulation
3. Physical support
4. Ego support
5. Social comparison
6. Intimacy/affection - 40Adolescents who do not have a friend tend to incur what problems?less prosocial behavior
lower grades
emotionally distressed - 41According to Sulivan, what do friends contribute to adolescents' social needs? Two characteristics?secure attachment
playful companionship
social acceptance
intimacy and sexual relations
Two characteristics: Intimacy & similarity - 42Describe research suggesting that having an older friend in adolescence is a risk factor for problem behavior.The danger is that the older peer may exploit the impressionable, younger peer.
- 43Describe age-related trends in peer group size and composition.Cliques- Smaller and younger adolescents
Crowds- (Sex-Homogenous)
Crowds (Upper-Status members)
Couples - 44Describe the benefits of participating in youth organizations.Encouraged to participate in community activities in adulthood.
Higher self-esteem
Better educated
Provides opportunities to practice interpersonal and organizational skills - 45How common is bullying?1 in 3 students experience buullying
- 46Across types of bullying behavior, what is most common?Belittled about looks or speech
Being subjects of sexual comments or gestures - 47Types typically inflicted on boys?Belittled about religion or race
Hit, slapped, or pushed - 48Types typically inflicted on girls?Belittled about looks or speech
Subject of rumors
Sexual comments or gestures - 49Short-term effects on bullying:Depression
Suicidal ideation
attempted suicide
internalizing problems
weight gain - 50Long-term effects on bullying:forming lasting relationships
problems at work
Agoraphobia
depression
Anxiety
panic disorder
suicidality - 51How does bullying not bode well for the bullies themselves?Antisocial
criminal behavior
addiction - 52Strategies for reducing bullying:1. Older peers to serve as monitors
2. School-wide rules and sanctions
3. friendship groups for bullied kids
4. Antibullying programs
5. Encourage parents to reinforce positive behaviors
6. identify bullies and victims
7. encourage the use of school resources - 53Strategies for reducing inter-group tensions:Jigsaw Classrooms
- 54DyslexiaA category reserved for individuals who have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell
- 55ADHD(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) A disability in which children or adolescents consistently show one or more of the following characteristics over a period of time: inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
- 56Gender differences in prevalence rates (ADHD)13.2 % boys
5.6% girls - 57Possible causes of ADHDHereditary
damage to the brain
cigarette and alcohol exposure
(during prenatal development) high maternal stress
low birth weight - 58ADHD medications and how they workRitalin or Adderall
-Improve focus and attention control - 59The best approach to therapy (ADHD)Combination therapy: both medication and non-medication treatments (Exercise/Mindfulness/ neurofeedback)
- 60Intrinsic (mastery) motivationInternal motivational factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort
- 61Extrinsic motivationExternal motivational factors such as rewards and punishments
- 62Is Intrinsic motivation necessarily incompatible with extrinsic motivation?Not necessarily
- 63Ideas related to intrinsic motivation?Self-Determination/Personal choice
- 64What kind of experience is optimal for inducing flow?Individuals engaging in challenges they find neither too difficult nor too easy
- 65What two considerations compromise Covey's model of time management?1. Urgent
2. Not urgent - 66An example of a "cognitive" strategy:Self-talk
- 67How can a cognitive strategy help one to overcome procrastination or self-handicapping?Provides encouragement that may just get you started on what needs to be done but can help you to keep going.
- 68CultureThe behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation
- 69What values do parents in "individualistic" cultures tend to emphasize?1. personal choice
2. intrinsic motivation
3. Self-Esteem
4. self-maximization - 70What values are emphasized by "collectivistic" cultures end to emphasize?1. connectedness to the family and other close relationships
2. Orientation to the larger group
3. respect and obedience - 71How has the individualistic-collectivistic distinction been criticized?1. too broad and simplistic
2. people need a positive sense of self and connectedness to others - 72EthnocentrismA tendency to favor one's own group over other groups
- 73How can ethnocentrism be reduced?By interacting with people different from one's own ingroup.
- 74A benefit of examining one's own culture from a cross-cultural perspectiveIt provides information about other cultures and the role of culture in development.
- 75Examples pertaining to examing Western culture are noted in the text1. Too much screen time
2. no confirmed rite of passage - 76What important caveat to multiculturalism is noted by the instructorjust because certain groups endorse something it doesn't make it okay.
- 77SESSocioeconomic Status
- 78Do Ways SES differences entail inequalities? (Low)1. More concerned that their children conform to society's expectations
2. Create a home atmosphere in which it is clear that parents have authority over children
3. Use physical punishment more
4. More directive and less conversational with their children - 79Do ways SES differences entail inequalities? (High)1. more concerned with developing children's initiative and delay of gratification.
2. create a home atmosphere in which children are nearly equal participants and in which rules are discussed
3. less likely to use physical punishment
4. less directive and more conversational with their children - 80How might SES-related differences in parenting style reflect SES-related differences in mode of occupation? -In stress levels?Higher SES is a more prestigious occupation whereas lower SES is a less prestigious occupation.
- Lower income= resources insufficient, crowded corridors, more stressful for parents - 81What factors account for the "feminization" of poverty, according to the text?Women's lower pay
poorly enforced child support
lower alimony - 82What constitutes the "media" aspects of culture?The increase in technology and screen time.
- 83How might the internet and related technology be a "mind blessing"?The potential for social reform and improving visuospatial skills. But it can come at a cost of extreme screen time, distractions while driving, etc.
- 84Illustrate the biopsychosocial approach to substance abuse:Biological factors: heredity and brain processes
Psychological factors: low conscientiousness and low self-control
Social factors: relationship difficulties with parents and peers. - 85How are adolescent problems categorized in the developmental psychopathology approach? Is there a gender difference?Adolescent problems as either internalizing (overcontrolled/turned inward) or externalizing (under-controlled/turned outward)
Internalizing more prevalent among older adolescents, higher SES, females - 86What is the impact of adolescent problems on later functioning in adulthood?Longitudinal studies show that adolescents who stay externalized can become criminals.
Females will eventually... - 87What is a cognitive interpretation of internalizing/externalizing disorder?Problems cognitively turned inward or outward.
Inward: internalizing and self-debasing cognitive distortions
Outward: externalizing and self-serving cognitive distortions - 88What are distortions?Internalizing: catastrophizing, overgeneralizing, personalizing, selective abstraction
Externalizing: Self-centered, minimizing/mislabeling, assuming the worst, blaming others - 89How are the Barriga et al. findings consistent with this interpretation?The more they used these distortions the less empathy they had for the others-inverse relationship.
- 90StressThe response of individuals to stressors, which are circumstances and events that threaten and tax their coping abilities.
- 91Modes of coping with stress1. Problem-focused coping
2. Emotion-focused coping
3. Thinking positively
4. support - 92Describe the concept of resilienceBeing able to triumph through trials and continue to thrive
- 93What individual, family, and extra-familial characteristics pertain to resilient children and adolescents?Individual: Good intellectual functioning, appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition, self-confidence, high self-esteem
Family: caring parents, authoritative parenting style, SES advantages, extended supportive network
Extrafamilial: Bonds to caring adults, positive orgs, and effective schools - 94Why do some adolescents abuse drugs and other substances?- drugs can help temporarily relieve boredom/fatigue, stress, provide pleasure
- 95Dangers of substance abuse:Drug dependence
Personal and social disorganization
possible long term diseases - 96Describe a recent strategy for enabling adolescents to resist peer and advertising pressure to smoke.Chicken Role-playing (teaching the kids how to fight peer pressure)
50% prevention rate - 97Describe community-wide efforts to prevent or intervene against problems such as adolescent drug abuse:Every element is involved. Police, courts, merchants, etc.
- 98What elements or groups in the community are typically involved?Schools, merchants, courts, police, mayor's office
- 99Describe juvenile delinquency:A broad range of behaviors, including socially unacceptable behavior, status offenses, and criminal acts.
- 100Erikson's view on juvenile delinquency:Psychosocial approach: Adolescents' way of finding themselves and if they can't achieve this positive identity they seek a negative one b/c a negative identity is better than no identity
- 101The distinction between index and status offenses:Index: robbery, rape, and homicide are crimes regardless of whether they are committed by juveniles or adults
Status: Juvenile offenses performed by youth under a specified age are not as severe as index offenses. - 102How is "clinical" delinquency or conduct disorder defined?The psychiatric diagnostic category for multiple delinquent activities over a six-month period.
Examples: truancy, running away, fire setting, cruelty to animals, breaking & entering, and excessive fighting - 103Pathways to delinquency found in longitudinal studies:1. Things start: developmental cascade
2. Minor covert acts can get worse
3. Early onset and get worse- overt acts, authority conflict can escalate - 104Describe family, neighborhood, and SES antecedents of delinquency:1. Authority conflict (High degree)
2. Cover Acts (frequent)
3. Overt acts of aggression (frequent)
4. Identity (Negative)
5. Cognitive distortions (High)
6. Self-control (low)
7. Age (Early initiation)
8. Sex (males)
9. Expectations/grades (low)
10. Monitoring (lo)
11. Support (low)
12. Discipline (ineffective)
13. Older delinquent sibling
14. Heavy influenced/low resistance
15. Low SES
16. (Neighborhood) Urban, high crime, high mobility - 105How is "clinical" depression defined?The diagnosis is when n individual experiences a major depressive episode & depressed characteristics, such as lethargy & depressive episodes for two weeks or longer and daily functioning becomes impaired.
- 106Why is depression more likely among females than males:Females tend to ruminate in their depression mood and amplify it.
- 107It has been said that we live in an "obesogenic environment" - explain:Declining physical activity, higher availability of food, increase in portion size, highly processed food, energy-saving devices
- 108Obesity is a risk factor for what kinds of health problems?High blood pressure
Hip problems
pulmonary problems
type 2 diabeties - 109Obesity reduction entails what components?1. Dietary Changes
2. Regular Exercise
3. Self-monitoring - 110What are eating disorders?Range of Psychological disorders characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits.
- 111Gender differences in prevalence rates (eating disorders):More prevalent in females (10x)
- 112The overall rate of recovery, according to the text?70%
- 113Anorexia NervosaAn eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
- 114Causes of anorexia nervosa:1. Social media influences
2. Society influences - 115Bulimia Nervosa:An eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern
- 116What percentage eventually recover?70&
- 117What increases problem severity in adolescence?If you have more than one type of problem
- 118Themes evident in the EQUIP approaches/meetings1. "cognitive restructuring" or correcting thinking errors
2. inducing social perspective taking - 119What is the aim of the mutual help approach to treating antisocial behavior? - How does it attempt to induce social perspective-taking? - To correct thinking errors?Render the youth to be more severe towards change, and gain responsible positive thinking.
- "Confrontation:" by thinking about the people they hurt with their actions
-learning to identify the self-debasing distortions in their thinking - 120Why isn't the mutual help approach sufficient?Tools aren't provided they need "equipment" meetings as well.
- 121The three D's1. Moral judgment delay
2. Self-serving distortions
3. Social skill deficiencies or imbalances - 122What does each approach (mutual help approach & cognitive behavioral approach) contribute to the other?First, the mutual help approach is there to gain motivation with positive peer culture. Then the Cognitive-behavioral system equipped them with helping skills, remedying limitations. It is essential to have both meetings/approaches when treating juvenile offenders with external problems. CBT tools to help one another
- 123How has the EQUIP program been adapted? - Under what conditions are the program effectiveAdaptive as a prevention program.
- schools: adapted as adult offenders
- the U.K: men with IDD who are dual diagnosis
Under conditions of high program implication and program integrity for it to work - 124Illustrate social perspective-taking for the severe offender.Victim awareness programs > victims or families coming in to talk about their experiences.
Crime reenactment role play (especially as the victim) > More intense and tries to make the offender feel sick and remorse.
(video from class)
Severe offenders need something more powerful than EQUIP.
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- Psychology Karteikarten am Adolescence Midterm 3 , erstellt von Aalissia Thomas am 25/10/2022.
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- Aalissia Thomas
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