Karteikarten
Language Acquisition
Karten in diesem Stapel (25)
- 1Child Directed Speech*Higher pitch and exaggerated intonation
*Repeated sentence frames
*Repetition and partial repetition of the adult's own speech
*Question and commands (getting the child to do something) - 2Child Directed Speech*Frequent use of the child's name and an absence of the pronoun
*Absence of the past tense
*A large number of one worded utterances
*Use of simple sentences
*Fewer verbs, modifiers and function words - 3Child Directed Speech*Use of concrete nouns (cat, train)
*Dynamic verbs (give, put)
*Use of expansions - where the adults fills out the child's utterance
*Use of recasting - where the baby's vocab is put into a new utterance - 4Child Directed SpeechThe purposes of CDS:
-> To attract and hold the baby's attention
-> Help the process of breaking down the language
-> make the conversation more predictable - 5Developing Grammar*One word/holophrastic - one worded utterances. Age: 12 to 18 months
*Two word - two words combined to create simple structures. Age: 18 to 24 months
*Telegraphic - three or more words joined in a complex and accurate order. Age: 24 to 36 months
Post Telegraphic - awareness of grammatical rules and irregularities - 6Developing GrammarQuestions: in the one/two word stage they can successfully create yes or no interrogatives and involves changing word order and auxiliary verbs.
Determiners: another function word acquired later in development. They are attached to nouns and are: possessives, articles etc - 7Developing GrammarSyntactical advances - allows children to make different types of utterances (simple, compound etc).
Morphological advances - experiment with language by adding prefixes and suffixes to make up words and to convert words from one word class to another - 8Developing GrammarVirtuous errors - mistakes made by children as they develop grammatically (their choices are often logical)
Noam Chomsky - believes that children are equipped to discover the grammar of their language because they have an innate grammar structure - 9LexisKatherine Nelson (1973):
- Naming things - Actions/events
- Describing/modifying - Personal/social words - 10LexisJean Aitchison:
*Labelling - is when a child links a sound to an object
*Packaging - when a child begins to under the range of meaning a word might have (recognising a bottle has different shapes)
*Network building - when a child starts to make a connection between words (big and small are opposites) - 11LexisUnderextension - when a child uses a word in a very restricted way
Overextension - when a child uses a word to refer to several different but related things - 12Lexis2 types of overextension:
1) categorical - when a word is used to refer to thing in a similar (the word Car is refers to all buses, trucks, vans etc.)
2) analogical - when a word is used to refer to things that aren't in the same category but have some physical or functional relation to each other - 13PragmaticsImplicature - what we mean rather than what we say
Inference - interpreting what others mean
Politeness - using the right word and phrases to be polite
Conversation management and turn - taking - knowing when to speak - 14PragmaticsHalliday:
Instrumental - fulfil a need "want milk"
Regulatory - Influence the behaviour of others "pick up"
Interactional - develop social interactions "love you"
Representational - convey facts and information
Imaginative - create an figurative world
Heuristic - learn about the environment "wassat" - 15PragmaticsPoliteness:
Encouraged by parents from an early age to say "please" "thank you" this is important for social interaction
Positive face theory - where the individuals desires social approvals of being included
Negative face theory - where the individual asserts themselves to make decisions and needs - 16Developing PhonologyPre - verbal stages:
- Vegetative: sounds of discomfort or actions. Age - 0 to 4 months
- Cooing - comfort sounds and vocal play using opened mouthed vowels. Age: 4 to 7 months
- Babbling - repeated patterns of consonant + vowel sounds. Age: 6 to 12 months
- Proto - words - words like vocalisations, like 'mmm' with gestures. Age - 9 to 12 months - 17Developing PhonologyEarly Phonological Errors:
# Deletion - omitting final consonant of a word 'do(g)'
# Substitution - putting one word for another mainly if they are hard to pronounce 'pip' for 'ship'
#Addition - adding a extra vowel sound to the end of words. 'Doggie'
# Assimilation - changing consonants or vowels for another 'gog' for 'dog' - 18Developing Phonology# Reduplication - repeating a whole syllables 'dada' for 'daddy'
#Consonant cluster reductions - this can be difficult to articulate. 'pider' for 'spider'
#Deletion of unstressed syllables - omitting the opening syllables to polysyllabic words. 'nana for 'banana' - 19Noam ChomskyChildren are born with an LAD, this helps them to learn any human language. This applies to noun, verbs and consonants. LAD helps encoding the rules of language
Disadvantage - there is no prove of the LAD - 20Eric LennebergNavist Approach. Concept of innateness, this is systematic development. Critical Period of 12 years, if no language is learnt by this age then is it impossible to acquire any language. Disadvantage - Piaget claims there is no language acquisition module in the brain, it is more external
- 21B.F. SkinnerBehaviour approach. Babies have 'empty vessels' in which language should be put into. This is based on the environment setting. Punishers = weakness towards behaviour. A child goes through a trial and error phrase until the utterance is correct.
- 22Jean PiagetCognitive theory. It is believed that Piaget discovered that childhood plays an important play into a person's development. Disadvantage - overlooked the effects of students cultural/social groups
- 23Jerome BrunerDiscovery Theory. He believes that both adults/children retain knowledge best when it is something that they have discovered themselves. Interaction between adults helps build structure to language for the children. Disadvantage - there might be potential misconceptions
- 24Lev VygotskySocial - cultural model. This is cultural development. 1) child observes interaction and communication with adults, later able to communicate.
2) Child learns best when interacting with those around them to solve a problem. Eventually the child will be able to solve problems independently. - 25Jerome Bruner#LASS - Language Acquisition Support System which is when interacting with children helps build knowledge
#Object Permance - awareness that objects exist when they are no longer visible
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- A2 English Language A2 Karteikarten am Language Acquisition , erstellt von Charlotte Silvester am 16/01/2016.
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- Charlotte Silvester
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