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Karteikarten

First Crusade

Katty Jane History AS - Level Englisch 27 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (27)

  1. 11095Urban II launches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
  2. 21096/7The knights of the First Crusade reach Constantinople.
  3. 31098Antioch is captured by Bohemond of Taranto.
  4. 41099Jerusalem is captured by the knights of the First Crusade.
  5. 51144Zengi conquers the country of Edessa.
  6. 6Temple MountThe Temple Mount is one of the most important religious sites in the old city of Jerusalem.
  7. 7Dome of the RockThe Dome of the Rock is a shrine located on the Temple Mount in the old city of Jerusalem.
  8. 8Church of the Holy SepulchreThe Church of the Holy Sepulchre is a church within the Christian Quater of the old city of Jerusalem.
  9. 9Religious Motivations: Step 1 - St AugustineIn the 5th Century, St Augustine of Hippo argued that warfare could be justified if 3 points were met.
  10. 10St Augustine's 3 points- The war must have a just cause
    - The war must be proclaimed by legitimate authority
    - The warriors must have pure motives, not for greed.
  11. 11Religious Motivations: Step 2 - The Peace and Truce of GodDuring the 9th Century, Europe became increasingly violent. This was due to raids by Vikings and others, while the ability of kings to protect their people grew weaker.
  12. 12How did the Church try to help?- At the end of the 10th Century, the Peace of God movement began in Southern France. It outlawed violence the Church and the poor
    - A generation later the Truce of God movement outlawed all violence between Saturday evening and Monday morning.
  13. 13How did this bring crusading closer?Firstly, the Church needed a way to punish knights who broke the Peace or Truce of God. The best way to do this was to employ other knights. This showed the Church the potential of employing and directing knights to help achieve its aims.
  14. 14Religious Motivations: Step 3 - Gregory VIINobody did more to transform the Church's official attitude to warfare than Pope Gregory VII:
    - He coined the phrase milita christi, meaning the warfare of Christ.
    - He employed knights to fight against the German Emperor Henry IV.
    - He argued that soldiers could become saints because they were soldiers rather than despite being soldiers.
    - Gregory VII even drew up plans in 1074 to send a military expedition to aid the eastern Christians.
  15. 15Religious Motivations: Step 4 - Pope Urban IIIn spite of all the developments leading up to 1095, what Urban II proposed at Clermont was unique. The crusade had three clear characteristics that made it different from other Holy wars.
  16. 16What were the three characteristics that made it different from other Holy Wars?- The Crusader Vow
    - The Role of the Pope
    - Privileges granted to Crusaders
  17. 17The Crusaders Vow- The vow was what made a man or woman a crusader. The vow was usually taken in public and was closely related to the vows made by pilgrims.
    - The crusader vowed to visit the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem as part of a military expedition authorised by the Pope.
    - The crusader wore a small cloth cross on his shoulder to show he had made the vow. Often he would receive the scrip and staff of the pilgrim as well.
  18. 18The Role of the PopeCrusades were different from other Holy wars because only a Pope could call for a crusade.
    Only a Pope could grant the special privileges to crusaders.
  19. 19The Privileges granted to CrusadersOnce the vow had been taken, the crusader received several privileges from the church:
    - His property was protected while he was away on crusade.
    - He did not have to pay taxes and was immune from arrest.
    - He was exempt from secular justice.
    - The most important privilege of all was the INDULGENCE.
  20. 20The IndulgenceThe Indulgence promised remission of sins. This meant that all punishments due for sin were wiped away.
    Urban may have meant that the Indulgence granted forgiveness of penance only, but most crusaders clearly thought they were receiving forgiveness of all sins.
  21. 21Religious Motivations: Freeing Jerusalem- The Muslims, who held Jerusalem since 638 had allowed access to pilgrims.
    - By the 1090s the rise of Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor and the Holy Land made pilgrimages more difficult as raids became more common and they controlled cities along the pilgrim route and charged exorbitant tolls for pilgrims to travel through.
    - The future looked bleak in terms of maintaining access to Jerusalem.
  22. 22Political Motivations: Alexius I - Emperor of Byzantine Empire- Increased threat level in 1095 prompted Alexius I, to appeal directly for help from Pope Urban II.
    - Wanted Nicaea back under his control, and to create a buffer between his empire and the Turks.
    - Wanted the sort of help he had received in 1090.
    - Sent envoys to a major Church council held by Urban II in Piacenza.
    - Asked for help to defend the Church, Pope responded positively to this request.
    - The threat to an eastern ally, had therefore provided a trigger for Urban to begin formulate his plans for a religious war.
  23. 23Political Motivations: Henry IV - Emperor of Germany- In 1076, a serious argument had broken out between the previous pope, Gregory VII, and the emperor. This was called the Investiture Controversy and led to Henry IV driving Gregory out of Rome and his appointment of a rival anti-pope called Clerment III.
  24. 24Leaders of the First CrusadeThe opportunity to gain land and wealth or to escape a world where knights were dependant on the patronage of someone wealthier was used as a recruitment device by Urban. There are also examples of massacre and plunder. However, this does not mean that crusaders did not have motives.
    Only a few leading knights went to grab land and power in the Holy Land:
    -Bohemond of Taranto
    - Baldwin of Boulogne
    - Tancred of Hauteville
    - Raymond of Toulouse
  25. 25Target 1The first target if the Crusaders was the important fortress of Nicaea. It quickly fell to the crusaders as its leader was away fighting. With this foothold in the Middle East, the crusaders could now send resources and reinforcements from Europe. This acquisition proved of enormous importance for the subsequent sieges.
  26. 26Target 2The next target was Antioch, a heavy fortified Turkish city. Antioch proved difficult to conquer as the defenders had many supplies and lines of defence. However, the crusaders were very numerous and they had continues supplies coming from Nicaea and the surrounding lands. It took seven months for Antioch to fall with some losses to the crusaders.
  27. 27Summer of 1099In the summer of 1099, the siege of Jerusalem started. Jerusalem had high walls, provisions and many defenders. The area around Jerusalem was very dry and the crusaders soon ran out of food and water - this caused much distress and death. The crusaders needed a quick victory. Dismantling their ships, the Genoese used the wood to build siege engines.

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AS - Level History (The Crusades) Karteikarten am First Crusade, erstellt von Katty Jane am 20/04/2016.
Erstellt von
Katty Jane · Apr 2016
Aktualisiert
28 Sep 2016
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3
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