Karteikarten
The First Crusade
Karten in diesem Stapel (52)
- 1Who were the leaders of the First Crusade? Where were they from?South French and Provencals under Raymond of Toulouse. German and Lotharingians under Godfrey of Bouillion and his brother Baldwin of Boulogne. Northern French under Hugh of Vermandios, Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders and Stephen of Blois. Italian Normans under Bohemond of Taranto and nephew, Tancred of Hautville.
- 2When was the Crusade called and by which pope? And what year did it actually begin (with the princes journey)?Pope Urban II called the crusade in 1095.
The crusade set off in 1096. - 3The Princes travelled to the capital city of the Byzantine Empire called what?Constantinople.
- 4What happened there and why?The princes were called to the Emperor, Alexius I's court as he thought the princes had come to kill his people and himself. The crusaders thought that he was going to murder them but he actually wanted them to swear an oath of vassalage.
- 5What else did the oath concern?Alexius wanted the crusaders to return any land that they capured in the Middle East which was formerly owned by the Byzantium, e.g. Antioch
- 6How did this benefit the crusaders?Alexius promised to provide them with supplies and miliatry help.
- 7In what order did the crusaders capture Tripoli, Dorylaeum, Antioch, Nicaea, Edessa and Jerusalem?Nicaea, Dorylaeum, Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Tripoli (although captured after the crusade)
- 8At the siege of Nicaea, the princes realised that they would have to work together. When did they all begin to arrive there?In May 1097.
- 9When did they officially take the city?June 1097.
- 10How did they do this?They had surrounded the city, and had blocked the Askanian Lake, cutting of the city's supplies. Therefore the city surrendered.
- 11Who was the Seljuk Sultan of Rum who was defending the city?Kilij Arslan.
- 12How did he contribute to allowing the crusaders to take Nicaea? What did he do as a result of this?He was late to the siege after being too busy in conflict with the Danishmend Turks. When he arrived, the city was surrounded and he couldn't break through the crusaders.
The result was he fled, allowing the city to be taken easily. - 13What was devised during the siege of Nicaea? And what was it about?The Council of Princes. This meant that in the absence of one leader, decisions would be made together.
- 14After the siege of Nicaea, what did the princes decide was the best thing to do with the armies in order to travel on to Dorylaeum?They divided the whole crusading army into two waves. under Bohemond of Taranto and Raymond of Toulouse.
- 15Bohemond's contingent was attacked on the way to Dorylaeum by Kilij Arslan and the Danishmend Turks. What happened?The Turks had surrounded the crusaders as they were mounted with archers, however, Bohemond managed to keep his contingent under control and in formation. After 5 hours Godfrey of Bouillon's contingent arrived and had the Turks outnumbered. They fled.
- 16What did Baldwin of Boulogne and Tancred of Hautville do after besieging Dorylaeum? And when?In September 1097 they left the main crusade to seek out land for themselves.
- 17What happened between the both of them? And what did Baldwin do?They both garrisoned cities but came into conflict over who should be in power of them. Baldwin decided to abandon the competition, heading east.
- 18Baldwin captured land while journeying eastwards. What happened to him in February 1098 when he reached Edessa?He was invited by the ruler of Edessa to be his son and heir as he had gained a reputation as a strong military leader.
- 19Why did Baldwin become the ruler of Edessa in March 1098?Edessa's former ruler was murdered.
- 20In the meantime the crusaders were travelling where?To Antioch.
- 21Why did the Muslims not realise that they crusaders where heading in that direction?Because they were trying to take advantage of the situation in Edessa by taking it back from Baldwin (which was unsuccessful).
- 22The crusader army reached Antioch and began to lay siege when? Who was elected to be the leader of this campaign?October 1097.
Bohemond of Taranto. - 23How long did the siege last? Why?It lasted for 7.5 months because the city has a very large and strong garrison led by Yaghi Siyan.
- 24What effect did this have on the crusading army?It was an incredible strain on them and lowered their morale.
- 25What happened in December 1097?The Turks (from Damascus) attacked the crusaders while they were on a foraging expedition.
- 26Why were the muslims unsuccessful? Despite this, the crusaders were also negatively affected. How?Because Bohemond of Taranto had kept his cavalry in formation, helping them to escape.
They did lose lots of infantry. - 27Robert of Flanders attacked the Turks the following day. What was his aim and what did the Turks do in response?He wanted to take back the supplies that the Turks has taken from them the previous day.
The Muslims forced him to retreat but actually didn't take any further action. - 28In February 1098 Muslim forces from where attacked the crusaders? Why was this a problem for the crusaders?Aleppo.
The crusaders were severely undermanned in comparison to the Muslims. - 29How did the crusaders defeat the Turks this time?Bohemond surprised them with a cavalry charge, forcing them to retreat.
- 30In January 1098 the crusade lost two important figures. Who were they and why?The Byzantine general, Taciticus (who provided the crusaders with vital tactical advice) and Stephen of Blois, one of the leaders. The both left during the siege of Antioch out of fear.
- 31Where did the return to? What did Stephen of Blois do when he got there?Constantinople.
He convinced Emperor Alexius to abort his Byzantine troop's journey to Antioch (which was to assist the crusaders). - 32In May 1098 Kerbogha of Mosul and his allies headed for Antioch. Meanwhile what did Bohemond do in order to enter the city?He secretly negotiated with a Christian from inside the city who lowered a rope, allowing the crusaders to open the city's gate and enter.
- 33What had happened to the crusaders by the time that Kerbogha's forces had arrived?They were trapped inside Antioch.
- 34Bohemond used excellent strategy and skill. Where did he order his troops to leave the city from? How was this effective?From the Bridge Gate, meaning that Kerbogha's troop's at the other gates wouldn't be able to reach the crusaders quickly enough due to the river which blocked the path.
- 35Bohemond then broke his army into how many divisions?7, each with a leader.
- 36The small size of each division convinced Kerbogha into thinking what?That the crusader's attack was not one of full force, therefore he didn't respond until all of the divisions were gathered outside of the city.
- 37Antioch had finally been captured when? And what did Bohemond do?In June 1098. He declared himself Antioch's prince, refusing to return it to the Byzantine Empire, under the regulations of Alexius I's oath.
- 38In 1098 after the siege of Antioch, Raymond of Toulouse was furious with Bohemond for not keeping to the oath. What did he do?He appealed to Alexius for help against Bohemond through Hugh of Vermandios.
- 39Raymond and Bohemond argued for how many months over the oath and other parts of land that had been captured in the East? Why was this a problem?6 months.
This arguing had caused the First Crusade to be delayed. - 40In the end, Raymond was forced to leave Bohemond and the land they were fighting over behind, making his way to Jerusalem. Why?Because the crusaders were becoming very impatient, pulling down the walls of Ma'arrat (city Raymond and Bohemond were squabbling over).
- 41In January 1099 Raymond's leadership in the First Crusade ended. Why?He decided to attack Arqah for himself, rather than help to capture Jerusalem (he was unsuccessful).
- 42Who did the other leaders transfer their loyalty to?Godfrey of Bouillon.
- 43The attack on Jerusalem began when?July 1099.
- 44Why were they successful in taking Jerusalem? In spite of the tension between who's men?Because they were flexible in their tactics e.g. when the attacks didn't work on the northern and western wall, they moved their siege towers around to the eastern wall, which was successful.
There was tension between Godfrey's and Raymond's men. - 45Once Jerusalem was in Frankish control, they still had a problem forthcoming in August 1099, what was it?There was a Muslim relief force coming from Egypt.
- 46How did they successfully tackle the issue?All of the remaining leaders in the crusade had joined together and launched a surprise attack.
- 47Who was elected to become Jerusalem's leader in late July 1099?Godfrey of Bouillon.
- 48One important location remained in Muslim hands after the First Crusade. Where was this?Ascalon (the nearest port to Jerusalem).
- 49Why was this an issue for the future?Because it could be used as a Muslim base for attack on Jerusalem.
- 50What problems between the Muslims helped to allow the Franks to take Jerusalem?The divisions between the Fatimids (Egyptians) and the Seljuk Turks. The Fatimids had only just taken Jerusalem from the Turks two years previously and were in negotiation with the crusaders.
- 51When the crusaders had arrived at Jerusalem it was therefore easy to take the city. Why?Because the Fatimids had not had time to refortify Jerusalem.
- 52In what year did the crusade officially end?In 1099.
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- AS - Level History (The Crusades) Karteikarten am The First Crusade, erstellt von Abi Doyle am 13/05/2016.
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- Abi Doyle
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