Karteikarten
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
Karten in diesem Stapel (74)
- 1CognitionThe mental activity that includes thinking and the understandings that result from thinking
- 2ThinkingThe mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world
- 3Analogical RepresentationsMental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects, they are analogous to the objects
- 4Symbolic RepresentationsAbstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas
- 5CategorisationGrouping things based on shared properties
- 6ConceptA category, or class, of related items; it consists of mental representations of those items
- 7Prototype ModelA way of thinking about concepts: Within each category, there is a best example, a prototype, for that category
- 8Exemplar ModelA way of thinking about concepts: All members of a category are examples; together they form the concept and determine category membership
- 9StereotypesCognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups
- 10SchemasHelp us perceive, organise, and process information. We use schemas for:
- Common situations that have consistent rules
- People have specific roles within situational context - 11Gender RolesPrescribed behaviour for males and females
- 12ScriptA schema that directs behaviour over time within a situation, dictates appropriate behaviours and the sequence in which they are likely to occur
- 13Decision MakingAttempting to select the best alternative from among several options
- 14Problem SolvingFinding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal
- 15Normative Decision TheoryiesAttempts to define how people should make decisions
- 16Descriptive Decision TheoriesAttempts to predict how people actually make choices, not to define ideal choices
- 17Expected Utility TheoryNormative Theory:
People make decisions by considering the possible alternatives and choosing the most desirable one - 18HeuristicsShortcuts (rules of thumb or informal guidelines) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions
- 19AnchoringThe tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind
- 20FramingIn decision making, the tendency to emphasise the potential losses or potential gains from at least one alternative
- 21AnchorServes as a reference point in decision making
- 22Loss AversionWhen people make choices and the are much more concerned with costs than with benefits
- 23Availability HeuristicMaking a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
- 24Representativeness HeuristicPlacing a person or object in a category if that person or object is similar to one's prototype for that category
- 25Affective ForcastingThe tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future
- 26Base RateRefers to how frequently an event occurs
- 27RestructuringA new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution
- 28Mental SetsProblem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
- 29Functional FixednessIn problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects
- 30AlgorithmA guideline that if followed correctly will always yield the correct answer
- 31Working BackwardWhen the appropriate steps for solving a problem are not clear, proceeding from the goal state to the initial state can help yield a solution
- 32InsightThe sudden realisation of a solution to a problem
- 33LanguageA system of communication using sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules
- 34MorphemesThe smallest language units that have meaning, including suffixes and prefixes
- 35PhonemesThe basic sounds of speech, the building blocks of language
- 36SyntaxA language's syntax is the system of rules that govern how words are combined into phrases and how phrases are combined to make sentences
- 37AphasiaA language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension and production
- 38Vocal CordsFolds of mucous membranes that are part of the larynx, an organ in the neck, often called the voice box
- 39Wernicke's AreaAn area in the left hemisphere where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, involved in speech comprehension
- 40Linguistic Relativity TheoryThe claim that language determines thought
- 41Broca's Aphasia (Expressive Aphasia)When Broca's area is damaged, patients develop Broca's aphasia, which interrupts their ability to speak. They can generally understand what is said to them, but cannot form words
- 42Wernicke's Aphasia (Receptive Aphasia)When Wernicke's area is damaged, patients develop Wernicke's aphasia, in which they have trouble understanding the meaning of words. They are often highly verbal but what they say makes little sense
- 43Global AphasiaExtensive damage to the left hemisphere can cause global aphasia, where the person cannot produce or comprehend language
- 44Telegraphic SpeechThe tendency for toddlers to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax and convey a wealth of meaning
- 45Surface StructureIn language, the sound and order of words
- 46Deep StructureIn language, the implicit meanings of sentences
- 47Universal GrammarAccording to Chomsky, all languages are based on the humans' innate knowledge of a set of universal and specifically linguistic elements and relationships
- 48Language Acquisition DeviceAccording to Chomsky, humans are born with a language acquisition device, which contains universal grammar. This hypothetical structure enables all humans to come into the world prepared to learn any language
- 49CreoleDescribes a language that evolves over time from the mixing of existing langauges
- 50PidginAn informal creole that lacks consistent grammatical rules
- 51PhonicsA methods of teaching reading in English that focuses on the association between letters and their phonemes
- 52Whole LanguageA method of teaching reading in English that emphasises learning the meanings of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences
- 53DyslexiaPeople who have dyslexia have trouble reading, spelling, and writing even though they have normal levels of intelligence. It results from impaired sound and image processing, especially for words that rhyme
- 54IntelligenceThe ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges
- 55Psychometric ApproachApproach to measuring intelligence which focuses on how people perform on standardised tests that assess mental abilities
- 56Achievement TestsAssess people's current levels of skill and knowledge
- 57Aptitude TestsSeek to predict what tasks, and perhaps even what jobs, people will be good at in the future
- 58Mental AgeAn assessment of a child's intellectual standing compared with that of same-age peers; determined by comparing the child's test score with the average score for children of each chronological age
- 59Intelligence Quotient (IQ)An index of intelligence computed by dividing a child's estimated mental age by the child's chronological age, then multiplying this number by 100
- 60General Intelligence (g)The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence
- 61Fluid IntelligenceIntelligence that reflects the ability to process information, understand relationships, and think logically, particularly in novel or complex circumstances
- 62Crystallised IntelligenceIntelligence that reflects both the knowledge acquired through experience and the ability to use that knowledge
- 63Factor AnalysisStatistical technique, items similar to one another are clustered. This is used to examine the correlations among intelligence test items
- 64Analytical IntelligenceBeing good at problem solving, completing analogies, figuring out puzzles, and other academic challenges
- 65Creative IntelligenceInvolves the ability to gain insight and solve novel problems, to think in new and interesting ways
- 66Practical IntelligenceRefers to dealing with everyday tasks
- 67Emotional IntelligenceA form of social intelligence that emphasises the abilities to manage, recognise, and understand emotions and use emotions to guide appropriate thought and action
- 68Simple Reaction TimeMight require a person to press a computer key as quickly as possible whenever a stimulus appears on the screen
- 69Choice Reaction TimeMight require a person to choose, as quickly as possible, the right response for the stimulus presented
- 70Inspection Time TestsIf a stimulus is presented and then covered up, how much viewing time does a particular person need to answer a question about the stimulus
- 71SavantsPeople you have minimal intellectual capacities in most domains, but at a very early age each savant shows an exceptional ability in come "intelligent" process
- 72Social MultiplierAn environmental factor or an entire environment, that increases what might have started as a small advantage
- 73Flynn EffectThe dramatic rise of IQ scores during the last century of intelligence testing
- 74Stereotype ThreatApprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Definitions relating to thinking processes, language, and intelligence
- Erstellt von
- Steph M · Jun 2016
- Aktualisiert
- 3 Jun 2016
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