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Lecture 7: Sensory and Motor Systems

McKenzie Sanders Psychology Englisch 122 Karten

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  1. 1What are the 4 steps required in movement?1. Sense the environment
    2. Select an appropriate response (decision)
    3. Plan the motor response
    4. Execute the motor response
  2. 2What are the cutaneous sense?Sensitivity to stimuli that involve the skin (touch)
  3. 3What is kinesthesia?Perception of the body's own movements
  4. 4What are organic senses?Senses in the inner organs of the body
  5. 5What are the 4 stimuli for the cutaneous senses?Pressure
    Vibration (texture)
    Heating & cooling
    Tissue damage
  6. 6What are the 2 stimuli for kinesthesia?Stretch receptors in skeletal muscle
    Used to control movement
  7. 7What are the stimuli for organic senses?Respond to stretch and sometimes temperature
  8. 8What are the 3 somatosenses?Touch
    Temperature
    Pain
  9. 9What is touch defined as?Sensitivity to pressure and vibration
  10. 10What are the 2 thermal receptors?Warm & cold
  11. 11What are the 3 types of pain receptors?High-threshold mechanoreceptors (respond to intense pressure)
    Extremes in heat, acids & capsaicin
    Sensitive to ATP
  12. 12What are the 5 cutaneous receptors?Ruffini's
    Pacinian
    Meissner's
    Merkel's
    Free nerve endings
  13. 13What do Ruffini's respond to?Edges
  14. 14What do Pacinian respond to?Mechanical stimulation & rapid vibrations
  15. 15What do Meissner's respond to?Light touch & low frequency vibrations
  16. 16What do Merkel's respond to?Texture
  17. 17What do free nerve endings respond to?Pain, temperature & itch
  18. 18What kind of neurons are sensory neurons?Unipolar neurons
  19. 19Where do sensory neurons project to?Receptors in the skin
  20. 20Cutaneous receptors in order from closest to surface of skin to furthest awayFree nerve endings
    Merkel's
    Meissner's
    Ruffini's
    Pacinian
  21. 21What is the dorsal column/medial lemniscal pathway involved in?Localized information like fine touch and kinesthesia
  22. 22What is the dorsal column/medial lemniscal pathway?Axons from somatosensory receptors enter CNS via spinal nerves (cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion)
    Enter and ascend in spinal cord in dorsal columns to nuclei in medulla
    Cross and ascend through ML to VPN of thalamus
    VPN projects to S1
  23. 23What is the spinothalamic tract involved in?Poorly localized information like pain and temperature
  24. 24What is the spinothalamic tract pathway?Axons enter CNS via spinal nerves (cell bodies in DRG)
    Synapse in spinal cord gray matter
    Ascend in spinothalamic tract in lateral horn
    Joins axons in ML that project to VPN of thalamus
    VPN projects to S1
  25. 25What connects muscle fibers to bones?Skeletal muscle
  26. 26Flexion vs. extensionFlexion is the movement that bends joints
    Extension is the movement that straightens joints
  27. 27What is extrafusal muscle fiber responsible for?Muscle contraction
  28. 28What is extrafusal muscle fiber innervated by?Alpha motor neurons
  29. 29What does the ratio of alpha motor neurons to muscle fiber depend on?Precision of muscle movement
    Precise movements have lower ratio of neurons to fibers
  30. 30What is a motor unit?Alpha motor neuron
    Axon
    Associated extrafusal muscle fibers
  31. 31What is intrafusal muscle fiber responsible for?Specialized sensory organs
  32. 32How are intrafusal muscle fibers arranged?Parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers in order to detect muscle length
  33. 33What contracts intrafusal muscle fibers?Gamma motor neurons
  34. 34What does intrafusal muscle fiber NOT contribute much to?Force of muscle contraction
  35. 35What does intrafusal muscle fiber modify?Sensitivity to stretch of fiber endings
  36. 36What are myofibrils?Overlapping strands of actin and myosin that make up muscle fibers
  37. 37What creates striated muscle?Regions where actin and myosin overlap
  38. 38What is actin?A protein that provides the physical basis for muscle contraction
  39. 39What is myosin?A protein that provides the physical basis for a muscle contraction
  40. 40What are myosin cross bridges?The small protrusions on the myosin filaments that interact with the actin filaments to produce a muscle contraction
  41. 41How do myosin cross bridges work?Myosin cross bridges "row" along the actin filaments
    Attach to the actin filament and then detach, bend back, and reattach to the actin filament at a point farther down
  42. 42What is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?The terminal button of an efferent neuron and the membrane of the muscle fiber it synapses on
  43. 43What is the motor end plate?The postsynaptic membrane of a NMJ
  44. 44What is endplate potential?PSP that occurs in the motor endplate in response to ACh release
  45. 45Is endplate potential smaller or larger than an EPSP?Larger
  46. 46What induces contraction of the muscle fiber?Each AP
  47. 47What occurs during contraction of muscle fiber?Depolarization of the muscle fiber opens voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels
    Ca2+ enters the cytoplasm which triggers the muscle contraction
  48. 48Why do the physical effects of skeletal muscle contraction last longer than the AP?Elasticity of muscle
    Time required to rid the cell of Ca2+
  49. 49What can a rapid succession of APs produce?Sustained muscle contraction
  50. 50What is stretched when the muscle lengthens?Intrafusal muscle fibers
  51. 51What do intrafusal muscle fibers detect?Muscle length
  52. 52What is the Golgi tendon organ?Stretch receptors in the tendons
  53. 53What does the Golgi tendon organ detect?Total amount of stretch exerted on a muscle
    How hard a muscle is pulling
  54. 54What is the Golgi tendon organ encoded by?Firing rate
  55. 55What is the muscle-spindle feedback circuit?1. Tension on tendon activates sensory neuron
    2. Sensory neuron stimulates interneuron
    3. Interneuron inhibits motoneuron
    4. Tension on tendon is reduced
  56. 56What does reflexive control of movement reflect about the spinal cord?Spinal cord has some degree of autonomy
  57. 57What can particular stimuli elicit in the spinal cord?Rapid response via neural connections in the spinal cord
  58. 58What does monosynaptic stretch reflex do?Control of posture
    Correction for weight added to a muscle
  59. 59What is the monosynaptic stretch reflex?Reflex in which a muscle contracts in response to being quickly stretched
  60. 60How does the monosynaptic stretch reflex occur? (List steps)1. Stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle)
    2. Sensory neuron excited
    3. Within integrating center (spinal cord), sensory neuron activates motor neuron
    4. Motor neuron excited
    5. Effector (same muscle) contracts and relieves the stretching
  61. 61What is the polysynaptic reflex arc?1. Golgi tendon detects muscle stretch
    2. Synapses on inhibitory interneurons that synapse on the alpha motor neuron of that same muscle
    3. Decreases the strength of muscular contraction when there is a danger of damage to tendons or bones
  62. 62How do the brain and the spinal cord control movement in the motor system?Simultaneously control particular types of movement
  63. 63Where is the primary motor cortex located?Precentral gyrus in the frontal cortex
    Frontal part of the parietal lobe
  64. 64What does stimulation of the primary motor cortex produce?Produces movement of the body
  65. 65What is the supplementary motor area to the primary motor cortex?Frontal cortex
  66. 66What is the motor homunculus?Physical representation of the human body, located within the brain
    Neurological "map" of the anatomical divisions of the body
  67. 67What is the premotor cortex involved in?Involved in planning of movements which get executed via their connections with primary motor cortex
  68. 68What two visual streams are involved in movement?Ventral visual stream in the inferior temporal lobe
    Dorsal visual stream in posterior parietal lobe
  69. 69Why are visual streams involved in movement?Need to know where your arms, legs, etc. are and where objects are to correctly manipulate these objects
  70. 70In what way is the parietal lobe involved in movement?Organizing visually guided movements
  71. 71What does the pathway from the parietal lobe to the frontal cortex control?Controls movements of arms and legs in a goal-directed context
  72. 72Where does the primary motor cortex receive information from?Primary somatosensory cortex
  73. 73What information does the primary somatosensory cortex provide?Body part to body part organization
    Rapid feedback to the motor system during the manipulation of objects
  74. 74What are the two descending groups of pathways in which the primary motor cortex controls movement?Lateral group
    Ventromedial group
  75. 75What does the lateral group control?Control of independent limb movements
  76. 76Which 2 pathways are associated with the lateral group?Dorsolateral corticospinal tract
    Dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract
  77. 77What does the ventromedial group control?Automatic movements
    Gross movements of the trunk
    Coordinated limb and trunk movements involved in posture and locomotion
  78. 78Which pathways are associated with the ventromedial group?Ventromedial corticospinal tract
    Ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract
  79. 79Describe the dorsolateral corticospinal tract.1. From primary motor cortex through pyramidal tract
    2. Cross at the dorsolateral portion of ventral horn of the spinal cord
    3. Projects to the muscle fiber in the limb
  80. 80Describe the ventromedial corticospinal tract.1. From primary motor cortex through the pyramidal tract
    2. Travels through ventromedial portion of ventral horn of spinal cord (does not cross)
    3. Projects to the muscle fiber in limb
  81. 81What does destruction of the basal ganglia cause?Motor impairment
  82. 82What are the 3 motor nuclei?Caudate
    Putamen
    Globus Pallidus (internal & external divisions)
  83. 83What are the 3 inputs of the basal ganglia?Primary motor cortex
    Primary somatosensory cortex
    Substantia nigra (SN)
  84. 84The 3 outputs of the basal ganglia are done via what part of the brain?Thalamic nucleus (VA/VL)
  85. 85What are the 3 outputs of the basal ganglia?Primary motor cortex
    Supplementary motor area
    Premotor cortex
  86. 86What do ventromedial pathways provide?Motor nuclei in the brainstem
  87. 87What is the loop between the cortex and basal ganglia?1. Frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex project to the striatum (caudate & putamen)
    2. Striatum projects to the globus pallidus (GP)
    3. GP projects to VA/VL nuclei of the thalamus
    4. VA/VL to motor cortex
  88. 88What information does the loop between the cortex and basal ganglia provide?Basal ganglia is informed of planned movements and can influence these movements via this loop
  89. 89What are the outputs of the cerebellum?Every major motor structure of the brain
  90. 90What does cerebellar damage cause?Uncoordinated jerky movements
  91. 91What does the cerebellum consist of?2 cerebellar hemispheres
    4 deep cerebella nuclei
  92. 92What are the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei?Flocculonodular lobe (caudal end)
    Vermis (midline)
    Lateral Zone
    Cerebellar cortex
  93. 93What is the function of the flocculonodular lobe?Involved in postural reflexes
  94. 94What is the function of the vermis?Influences automatic behaviors and posture
  95. 95What is the function of the lateral zone?Control of independent skilled movements
    Calculates closely timed sequences of muscular contractions to execute rapid skilled movements
  96. 96What is the function of the cerebellar cortex?Control of arms and legs
  97. 97How do we find evidence of the function of the cerebellum?Human brain damage patients
  98. 98What does damage to the flocculonodular lobe result in?Disturbances in posture and balance
  99. 99What does damage to the intermediate zone result in?Deficits in movements produced by the rubrospinal tract
  100. 100What does damage to the lateral zone produce?Weakness and decomposition of movement
    Impaired timing of ballistic movements
  101. 101What are the characteristics of Parkinson's disease?Muscular rigidity
    Slowness of movement
    Resting tremor
    Postural instability
  102. 102What is Parkinson's disease caused by?SN dopamine neuron death
  103. 103Why does SN DA neuron death result in Parkinson's disease?DA input to striatum facilitates movements
    Lack of DA input ultimately results in an increase in the inhibitory output of the GPi so there is too much inhibition of the motor cortex
    Less inhibition of the inhibitor
  104. 104What are the effects of the decrease of GPi inhibition on the ventromedial system?Muscular rigidity
    Postural instability
    Both an increase and decrease in inhibitory outputs
    Levels of complexity increase as a function of multiple neurotransmitters with both excitatory and inhibitory receptors
  105. 105What are the pharmacological treatments for Parkinson's disease?L-DOPA
    DA agonists
  106. 106What is the issue with treating Parkinson's disease with L-DOPA?Eventually stops working because there are not enough SN DA neurons to increase DA output
  107. 107What are the side effects associated with DA agonists?Dyskinesia
    Dystonia
  108. 108What are the lesion therapies for Parkinson's?Pallidotomies
    Subthalamic nuclei lesions
  109. 109Why is a pallidotomy a treatment for Parkinson's?Destruction of the GPi
    Often reduces rigidity and improves movement
    Activity of motor cortex increases to normal levels post-surgery
  110. 110How do lesions to the subthalamic nuclei work to treat Parkinson's?Damage seems to reduce some of the inhibition of the motor cortex
    Usually excites the GPi
  111. 111What are the 3 other treatments for Parkinson's? (Not pharmacotherapy or lesion therapies)Implantation of electrodes into the subthalamic nuclei
    Fetal tissue transplant
    Gene therapy
  112. 112How does the implantation of electrodes into the subthalamic nuclei help to treat Parkinson's?Deep brain stimulation can be as effective as the lesions with less side effects
    Implies that stimulation has an overall inhibitory effect on the subthalamic nuclei
  113. 113What does fetal tissue transplant do to treat Parkinson's disease?Transplant fetal SN cells to the patient's SN
    Good results in terms of recovery of function
    Hard to get tissue because 90% of the cells die before implantation
  114. 114How does gene therapy treat Parkinson's?Put GAD gene attached to a virus into the subthalamic nuclei to calm it down
    Effects are slow but long lasting
    Simpler than deep brain stimulation
    Making progress in effectiveness
  115. 115Which toxins attribute to the onset of Parkinson's disease?Exposure to pesticides and herbicides
    MPTP
  116. 116What is autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonsism?Mutation in the parkin gene
    Toxic accumulation in proteins in the cells that express this gene
  117. 117What expresses the parkin gene?SN cells
  118. 118What is PLP?Phantom limb pain
    Sensations in a missing limb
    Frequently pain
  119. 119What is thought to be important in mediating PLP?Reorganization of neurons in the spinal cord
    Cortical plasticity
  120. 120Which therapy showed a 100% decrease in pain for PLP? How did it do so?Mirror box therapy
    Prevents cortical restructuring
  121. 121What does the effectiveness of mirror box therapy show?Critical role of visual feedback in learned paralysis
  122. 122Prevention of PLP can occur only in __________.Planned amputation

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Beschreibung
Taken from Lecture 7 of PSY 314
Erstellt von
McKenzie Sanders
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