Karteikarten
Forensic Psychology AQA A2
Karten in diesem Stapel (77)
- 13 Ways of defining Crime-Legal
-Historical
-Cultural - 2Ways crime is measured-Official statistics (OCPS and Home Office)
-Offender surveys
-Victim surveys - 3DevianceRefers to the behaviour which is disproved by most people in a society, which doesn't conform to society's norms and values
- 4Farrington and DowdCompared 2 similar counties with different levels of crime but differences were seen in police reporting smaller crimes in one county more than the other
- 5Dark Figure of crimeCrime not reported and included in official statistics
- 6TelescopingWhen a victim brings forward an incident that actually occurred outside of the designated survey period, making the survey less effective
- 7LombrosoSuggested that criminals were "genetic throwbacks", determined by biological ativisms such as head shape, eye shape, asymmetry of the face or extra nipples but some of these traits were shown as racially insensitive
- 8Criminal geneMZ- 33% concordance of offending
DZ- 12% showing a genetic link - 9Mendick et alFound 14000 criminal adoptees and found that many of them had criminal parents
- 10Candidate genes for criminal activityMAOA gene linked to control of dopamine and serotonin and linked to aggressive behaviour
CDH13 has been linked to substance abuse and ADD - 11Neural explanation for offendingHead injury: 8.5% of the general population report to having a head injury in comparison to 60% of the US prison population
- 12RaineFound that murderers, psychopaths and violent individuals have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex which is responsible for regulating emotion and moral behaviour. Lowered activity accounts for impulsiveness and lack of control. He also found abnormal asymmetries in the limbic system of murderers
- 13Mirror NeuronA neuron that fires both when an animal acts and observes the same action. Criminals with APD experience empathy less frequently than the rest of the population
- 14Eysenk's theory of the criminal personalityRests on 4 personality types- Extraversion/Introversion and neuroticism/stability. The criminal personality is the neurotic extra
- 15IntrovertsCortically overaroused
- 16ExtravertsCortically underaroused
- 17EysenkProposed that extraverts do not condition well and criminal behaviour being concerned with immediate gratification
- 18High neuroticismShown by anxiety and emotional instability
- 19EPIEyesenk's Personality Inventory that measures personality
- 20Later addition to EPIPsychoticism. Characterised by cold, aggressive, hostile behaviour, these individuals lack empathy and have fewer inhibitions
- 21Cognitive distortionsForm of irrational thinking, reality becomes so twisted that what we perceive no longer represents what is actually true
- 22Hostile attribution biasA cognitive bias which makes the assumption that other people's reactions are a negative response to the self, thinking the other person doesn't like them
- 23Monroe and Hutchinsonfound a link between hostile attribution bias and domestic violence
- 24MinimalisationType of cognitive distortion where the offender does not accept the full reality of the situation. They will rationalise their actions by downplaying events and attribute blame to the victim
- 25Kohlberg's stages of Moral development Level 1Preconventional
Stage 1- Obedience and punishment orientation
Stage 2- Instrumental relativist orientation (satisfying desires) - 26Kohlberg's stages of Moral development Level 2Conventional
Stage 3- Good Boy/Nice Girl- need to avoid rejection
Stage 4- Law and Order Orientation - 27Kohlberg's stages of Moral development Level 3Post Conventional
Stage 5- Legalistic orientation (community respect for all living under legally determined laws)
Stage 6- Universal, ethical orientation- conscience motivated - 28Offending Motivation QuestionnaireAssessed 128 male juvenile offenders and 38% did not consider consequences, 36% were confident they would not be caught which shows they were at the preconventional stage of moral development
- 29Differential AssociationFocuses on entirely on the influence of learning and how people associate with influences acquired behaviour
- 30SutherlandArgues that criminal behaviour is learned through association with other people. The main part of learning takes place in close personal groups and the process of learning criminal behaviour is no different from any other behaviour
- 31Osbourne and WestFound that when a father had commited a crime, 40% of the sons had committed a crime compared with 13% of sons from non-criminal fathers but this could be explained via genetic transmission
- 32BowlbyFound that if a child does not have a secure start in life, it could lead to an affectionless psychopath
- 33Superego in offending behaviour1. Weak or underdeveloped superego
2. Harsh or overdeveloped superego
3. Deviant superego - 34Women and the superegoWomen have a weaker superego so we should expect more female criminals. This is not the case
- 35Psychodynamic criticismLacks empirical evidence as it is based on processes in the unconscious mind
- 36Offender profilingMethod of working out the characteristics of the offender by examining the characteristics of the crime scene
- 37Typology Approach"Top down" approach. Used to identify the major personality characteristics of serious offenders and how these characteristics differed from non-offenders. Compiled by the FBI from interviews with 36 sexually oriented murderers including Ted Bundy
- 38Typology"Organised" or "disorganised" offenders
- 39"Top Down" ApproachBest suited to crime scenes that reveal details about the suspect
- 40Organised OffenderPlanning, Victim as a stranger, Controlled conversation, use of restraints, removes evidence, body hidden, high intelligence, socially competent, skilled, sexually competent, living with partner
- 41Disorganised offenderLittle planning, Victim is known, Little conversation, leaves evidence, little use of restraint, body in open view, below average intelligence, socially inadequate, unskilled employment, sexually incompetent, lives alone and close to crime scene
- 424 main stages in the construction of the FBI profile1. Data assimilation
2. Crime scene classification
3. Crime reconstruction
4. Profile generation - 43Canter et alFound that there is no clear distinction between organised and disorganised offenders
- 44Arthur ShawcrossA classic within the history of FBI profiling
- 45FBI criticismThe approach is based on intuition and so lacks empirical evidence. It is based on dated personality theories and only a limited sample was used for the theory
- 46Bottom up approachScientific approach based on the work by David Canter based on social and environmental psychology and the fact that people behave in consistent ways
- 47Investigative approachStill focuses on the crime scene but the aim is to identify a pattern through the use of statistical techniques
- 48CanterArgued that some psychological principles can help the profiling process. Eg. Interpersonal coherence, significance of time and place and forensic awareness
- 49Smallest space analysisStatistical technique developed by Canter with 3 underlying themes:
Instrumental opportunistic- easiest opportunity
Instrumental cognitive- more planned and concern about detection
Expressive impulsive- attack that occurred in the heat of the moment - 50Geographical profilingOffender has to know the geographical area before crimes are committed. Based on schema theory and how we represent information
- 51MaraudersLive in the geographical area in which crimes are committed
- 52CommutersTravel to another area to commit a crime but still commit crimes within a defined space around which a circle can be drawn
- 53Georgraphical profiling usesAll types of crime
- 54CGTA computer programme that produces a 3D model of the area known as a jeopardy surface
- 55Custodial sentenceImposing a punishment consisting of mandatory custody of the convict either in prison or in an institution
- 56DeterrancePerson dwells upon their actions and a general message is sent out to the public
- 57ReoffendingOfficial statistics show that 70% of offenders offend within 2 years of release
- 58RehabilitationWhen an offender's behaviour is changed
- 59ConfinementPrevents offenders from committing further crime as their behaviour is restricted in proson
- 60RetributionFocus on the victim and their family, the offender needs to be punished. Eye for an eye mentality
- 61Recidivism ratesShow aims of deterrance are not fulfilled. It is sometimes thought that prisons reinforce criminal behaviour and become a "College of Crime"
- 62RecidivismRefers to reoffending rates. Statistics show that 57% of UK offenders reoffend within a year of release
- 63HMP's effectivenessEffective for sex offenders- treatment is more successful, unlike theft
- 64InstitutionalisationDemonstrated in Zimbardo's Stamford Prison Experiment, prisoners became influenced by the setting and lose the confidence to act. They become so accustomed to prison life that they can't function adequately when released
- 65Stress and DepressionSuicide rates are higher in prison than in the general population. Prisoners are more likely to become depressed due to feelings of anxiety about being in prison, then feeling hopeless about their future and lack of control. The greatest risk of suicide is men within the 24h of inprisonment
- 66CheesemanFound that many aggressive incidents in prison occur due to the need to relieve stress so aggression is the outcome
- 67PrisonisationThe way prisoners are socialised into adopting an "inmate code". Behaviours normally unacceptable are encouraged and rewarded
- 68Effects on the familyChildren with a parent in prison are deeply affected financially and psychologically. Parents in prison may also feel guilt and separation anxiety
- 69Behaviour modificationBased on operant conditioning with a token economy for prisoners
- 70Hobbs and HoltFound that a token economy was an effective way to establish positive behaviour- increase of 27% for social behaviours when a token economy was introduced
- 71Behavioural modification evaluationLittle rehabilitative value, cost efficient but has fallen out of favour and is only used with young offenders. There is little evidence to say it works on violent offenders
- 72Anger ManagementCognitive intervention that helps the offender control their anger and is based on a 3 stage process:
1. Cognitive preparation
2. Skill acquisition
3. Application practice - 73Restorative justiceInvolves the offender making amends directly to their victim. Concepts of healing and collaboration between the offender and the victim are key. Meetings enable the offender to see the consequences of their actions in a controlled environment. The offender needs to show remorse, however
- 74IrelandFound that anger scores were greatly reduced after anger management
- 75Sherman and StrongFound that restorative justice helps in a decrease in reoffending and PTSS rates were greatly reduced in victims
- 76Shapland et alFound that every £1 spent on restorative justice saves £8 for the criminal justice system
- 77Anger management EvaluationAssumes all behaviour is a consequence of anger, it requires motivation and is quite expensive
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- Beschreibung
- A level Psychology (Forensic Psychology ) Karteikarten am Forensic Psychology AQA A2, erstellt von Ewa Klonowicz am 13/04/2017.
- Erstellt von
- Ewa Klonowicz
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