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Attachment

Erin Vernon Psychology A level Englisch 175 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (175)

  1. 1What is Reciprocity?A description of how two people interact.
  2. 2When is an interaction reciprocal?When each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them.
  3. 3What is interactional synchrony?The temporary coordination of micro social behaviour.
  4. 4When does interactional synchrony take place?When mother and infant interact in such a way that their actions and emotions mirror one another
  5. 5What is interactional synchrony important for?The development of mother infant attachment.
  6. 6What did Schaffer and Emerson find?Majority of babies did become attached to their mother first
  7. 7What happened within a few weeks or months?Formed a secondary attachments to other family members.
  8. 8What was found in 75% of infants?Attachment formed with the father by 18 months.
  9. 9What was this determined by?Infants protested when father walked away.
  10. 10Who carried out research into the role of the father? What did he do?Grossman carried out a longitudinal study looking at both parents behaviour and its relationship to the quality of childrens attachment into their teens.
  11. 11What was found?Quality of infant attachments with mothers not fathers was related to children's attachments in adolescence suggesting father attachment is less important
  12. 12What was found about fathers role in attachment?Role to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing.
  13. 13However what does happen when fathers do take up role of main caregiver?Adopt behaviours more typical of mothers.
  14. 14Regarding Caregiver infant interactions why is it hard to know what is happening when observing infants?Observations of interactions between mother and infant have shown the same patterns of interaction - hand movements, expression change. Difficult to be certain based on these observations what is taking place from the infants perspective
  15. 15Explain how caregiver-infant attachments have good validity.Often well-controlled procedures - filmed from many angles therefore fine details can be recorded and later analysed.
  16. 16Why is it good that babies dont care/know they are being observed?Behaviour does not change in response to controlled observation.
  17. 17Explain how observations dont tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocityFeldman points out that synchrony simply describes behaviours that occur at the same time. Can be reliably observed but doesnt tell us their purpose
  18. 18Why is there inconsistent findings on fathers?Researchers interested in different research questions as some research into fathers role as secondary attachments figures whilst the others are more concerned about the father as a primary attachment figure. Therefore cannot answer simple question of 'what is the role of the father'
  19. 19If fathers have a distinct role why arent children without fathers different?Grossman found fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in childs development however has been found that children growing up in single/same sex-parent families do not develop any differently fro those in heterosexual families
    Fathers role as secondary attachment figure is not important.
  20. 20Why dont fathers generally become primary attachments?Could simply be a result of traditional gender roles therefore fathers dont think they should act like that.
    Could be female hormones create higher levels of nurturing and are biologically pre-disposed to be the primary attachment figure
  21. 21What is meant by stages of attachment?Many developmental theories identify a sequence of qualitatively different behaviours linked to specific ages. In stages of attachment some characteristics of the infants behaviour towards others change as the infant gets older.
  22. 22What did Schaffer and Emerson aim to investigate?Formation of early attachments in particular the age at which they developed, their emotional intensity and to whom they were directed.
  23. 23Who did the study involve?60 babies - 31 male, 29 female
    All from Glasgow and the majority were from skilled working-class families.
  24. 24How often were the mother and baby visited?Every month for the first year then again at 18 months.
  25. 25What type of questions did researcher ask mother?Kind of protest their babies showed in 7 every day separations.
  26. 26Why was this done?To measure the infants attachment
  27. 27What did they find?Between 5 and 32 weeks of age about 50% of the babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards a particular adult (usually the mother).
  28. 28Attachment tended to be to the caregiver who was...Most interactive and sensitive to infant signals and facial expressions - not necessarily who they spent the most time with
  29. 29What happened by the age of 40 weeks?80% of babies had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments
  30. 30Explain how this experiment had good external validity.Carried out in families own homes and most of the observation was done by parents during ordinary activities and reported to researcher later. - behaviour unlikely to be affected by presence of observers.
  31. 31What was a strength of the study?Carried out longitudinally - same children were followed-up and observed regularly. Better internal validity than cross-sectional design as do not have confounding variable of individual differences between participants.
  32. 32How did the experiment have limited sample characteristics?The fact that all families from same area, district and social class and at a time over 50 years ago is a limitation.
  33. 33What is meant by multiple attachments?Attachments to 2 or more people. Most babies appear to develop these once they have formed one true attachment to main caregiver.
  34. 34What are the 4 stages of attachment?Asocial stage
    Indiscriminate attachment
    Specific attachment
    Multiple attachments
  35. 35What is the asocial stage?Where babies behaviour towards non human objects and human is quite similar. - show some preference for familiar adults.
  36. 36What is the Indiscriminate attachment stage?From 2 -7 months babies display more observable social behaviour. Show preference for people rather than inanimate objects and recognise and prefer familiar adults.
  37. 37What is the Specific attachment stage?From around 7 months babies show anxiety towards strangers and becomes anxious when separated from one particular adult.
  38. 38What is the Multiple attachments stage?Usually extend attachment behaviour to multiple adults. In Schaffer and Emersons study 29% of the children had secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary attachment
  39. 39What is the problem studying the asocial stage?Babies that are young have poor-coordination and are generally pretty much immobile. - isnt much observable behaviour
  40. 40What conflicting evidence is there on multiple attachments?Not sure when they can make these attachments. In cultures like collectivists families work together jointly in everything so multiple caregivers are the norm
  41. 41Why may there be a problem measuring multiple attachments?As just because a baby gets distressed when an individual leaves the room does not necessarily mean that the individual has a true attachment. - playmates
  42. 42What are animal studies?Are studies carried out on non-human animal species rather than on humans, either for ethical or practical reasons
  43. 43Why may they want to do this?Animals breed faster and researches are interested in seeing results across more than one generation of animals.
  44. 44What is imprinting?An innate readiness to acquire certain behaviours during a critical or sensitive period of development
  45. 45What did Lorenz do?Randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs. Half hatched with mother goose, in natural environment and half with hatched in incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz
  46. 46What did he find?Incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere, control group followed mother everywhere. Even when groups were mixed, this still occurred.
  47. 47What did Lorenz identify?A critical period in which imprinting needs to take place.
  48. 48Can this be generalised to humans?Mammalian attachment system is quite different from that in birds. Mammalian mothers show more emotional attachment that birds
    No
  49. 49Why have some of Lorenz' observations been questioned?As it was found that chickens imprinted on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate with them as adults but they eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens
  50. 50What did Harlow observe?That newborns kept alone in a bare cage usually died but that they usually survived if given something like a soft toy to cuddle.
  51. 51What to Harlow test?Idea that a soft object serves some of the functions of a mother. In one experiment he reared 16 baby monkeys with 2 wire model mothers. - in one condition milk was dispensed by the plain wire mother whereas in the second milk was dispensed by the cloth covered mother.
  52. 52What were the findings?The baby monkeys cuddled the soft object in preference to the wire one to sought comfort when frightened regardless of which produced milk.
    Contact comfort more important than food
  53. 53How did they see if maternal deprivation had a permanent effect?Followed monkeys into adulthood.
  54. 54What did they find?Severe consequences.
    Monkeys reared with wire mothers most dysfunctional but those reared with close covered mother did not develop normal social behaviour.
    More agressive, less sociable, bred less often.
  55. 55What did Harlow conclude about the critical period for normal development?Mother figure must be introduced within 90 days.
    After this time impossible to form attachment.
  56. 56How did Harlows research show theoretical value?Showed attachment does not develop as a result of being fed by mother but as a result of contact comfort.
  57. 57How did Harlows research have practical value?Helped social workers understand risk factors in child abuse and neglect
    Important into the care of captive monkeys
  58. 58What were the ethical issues of Harlows research?Monkeys suffered greatly - human like suffering
    Harlow was aware of the suffering
  59. 59What is learning theory?A set of theories from the behaviourist approach to psychology that emphasise the role of learning in the acquisition of behaviour. - classical and operant conditioning
  60. 60Who weer the learning theorists?Dollard and Miller
  61. 61What is the approach sometimes called?Cupboard love
  62. 62What does classical conditioning involve?Learning to associate two stimuli together so that we begin to respond to one the same way as we already respond to the other.
  63. 63Explain classical conditioning.Unconditioned stimulus > unconditioned response
    neutral stimulus > no response
    unconditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus > unconditioned response
    Conditioned stimulus > conditioned response
  64. 64Explain attachment as a secondary driveLearning theory draws on the concept of drive reduction. Hunger = primary drive. As caregivers provide food, the primary drive of hunger becomes generalised with them. Attachment is thus a secondary drive learnt by association
  65. 65What is an example of counter evidence from animal research?Actually animals do not necessarily attach to those who feed them - Lorenz
    Same must be true for humans
  66. 66What is an example of counter evidence from human research?Research with human infants also shows that feeding does not appear to be an important factor. - Schaffer and emerson (made an attachment with primary care giver even though other carers did most of the feeding)
    feeding not key element
  67. 67How does learning theory ignore other factors associated with forming attachments?Research into early infant-caregiver interaction suggests that the quality of attachment is associated with factors such as reciprocity and good levels of interactional synchrony.
    Best quality attachments with sensitive carers.
    Whereas if attachment developed purely as a result of feeding there would be no purpose for these complex interactions
  68. 68What is meant by monotropic?A term sometimes used to describe Bowlbys theory. Mono means 'one' and indicates that one particular attachment is different from all others and of central importance to the child's development.
  69. 69What were the 2 principles to clarify that the more time spent with primary attachment figure the better?The law of continuity stated that the more constant and predictable a childs care, the better quality the attachment.
    The law of accumulated separation stated that the effects of every separation from the mother add up.
  70. 70What are the internal working models?Mental representations we all carry with us of our attachment to our primary caregiver. Important in affecting our future relationships as carry our perception of what relationships are like.
  71. 71A childs whos first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will tend to form an expectation...That all relationships are loving and reliable. - bring these qualities to future relationships.
    Works both ways
  72. 72Why will the internal working model affect the way that child parents themselves.People tend to base their parenting behaviour on their own experiences of being parented
  73. 73What is the critical period?Time within which an attachment must form if it is to at all.
    Humans have sensitive period after which it will be hard to form an attachment.
  74. 74What are examples of social releases?Smiling, cooing, gripping that encourage attention from adults.
  75. 75What process is this attachment?Reciprocal
  76. 76When is the infant attachment system active?Critical period of around 2 years
    More of a sensitive period
  77. 77What evidence is there against Bowlby's monotropic theory?Schaffer and Emerson found most babies did attach to to one person first but also found a minority appeared to be able to make multiple attachments at the same time.
    Attachment to primary attachment figure may just be stronger not better quality
  78. 78What is an example of support for social releases?Brazleton observed mothers and babies during their interactions reporting existence of interactional synchrony.
  79. 79What was Brazletons experiment?Primary attachment figures were instructed to ignore their babies signals (social releases). Babies showed some distress initially but when they continued to ignore the baby, some responded by curling up and lying motionless.
  80. 80What is an example of support for internal working models?Bailey tested the idea that patterns of attachment will be passed on to the next generation.
    Assessed 99 mothers with one year old babies on quality of attachment using standard interview process and observation.
  81. 81What were the findings?Mothers who reported poor attachments to their own parents in the interviews were much more likely to have children classified as poor according to the observations.
  82. 82What is the strange situation?A controlled observation designed to test attachment security.
  83. 83How are infants assessed?On their response to playing in an unfamiliar room, being left alone, left with a stranger, being reunited with caregiver
  84. 84Who was the strange situation developed by?Mary Ainsworth (1969)
  85. 85How many distinct patterns were found in the way that the infants behaved?3
  86. 86Identify these 3.Secure attachment
    Insecure-resistant attachment
    Insecure-avoidant attachment
  87. 87What were the details of he findings for a child identified with a secure attachment?Happy to explore but regularly go back to caregiver (safe base)
    Moderate separation and stranger anxiety
    Require and accept comfort in reunion stage.
  88. 88Approximately how many British toddlers are classified with secure attachment?60-75%
  89. 89What were the details of he findings for a child identified with an Insecure-avoidant attachment?Explore freely but do not seek proximity or show safe base behaviour
    Little or no reaction when caregiver leaves
    Little effort to contact caregiver when returns
    Show little stranger anxiety
    Do not require comfort at the reunion stage
  90. 90Approximately how many toddlers are classified with Insecure-avoidant attachment?20-25%
  91. 91What were the details of he findings for a child identified with an Insecure-resistant attachment?Seek greater proximity
    Explore less
    Huge stranger anxiety
    Huge separation distress
    Resist comfort when reunited with carer
  92. 92Approximately how many toddlers are classified with Insecure-avoidant attachment?3%
  93. 93What is an example of support for validity?Babies assessed as secure tend to go on to have better outcomes in many areas such as relationships, success at school
    Insecure resistant tend to have the worst outcomes including bullying
  94. 94Does the strange situation have good reliability?Yes, good inter-rater reliability. - different observers agree on same attachment classification (94%)
  95. 95Why may this be?Under controlled conditions and behavioural categories are easy to observe.
  96. 96Can the test be applied to different cultures?No, it is culture bound. Childhood experiences will mean children respond differently to the strange situation
  97. 97What is the one other type of attachment?Disorganised attachment - display mix of resistant and avoidant behaviours
  98. 98What is meant by culture variations?Culture refers to the norms and values that exist within any group of people.
    Cultural variations are the differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups.
  99. 99Who conducted a study to look at the proportions of secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachments across a range of countries?Van Ijzendoorm and Pieter Kroonenberg (1988)
  100. 100What did they also look at?Differences within the same countries to get an idea of variations within a culture,
  101. 101What was the procedure?Located 32 studies of attachment where the Strange situation had been used to investigate the proportions of infants with different attachment types.
  102. 102Where were these 32 studies conducted?In 8 countries (15 in USA)
  103. 103Overall the 32 studies yielded results for...1,990 children
  104. 104What were the findings?In all countries secure attachment was the most common
    Proportion varied from 75% in Britain to 50% in China
    Insecure resistant least common - 3% Britain, 30% Isreal
    Insecure avoidant most common in Germany, least common in Japan.
  105. 105What was an interesting finding?Variations between results within the the same country were actually 150% greater than those between countries.
  106. 106What conclusions have been made?Secure seems to be the norm in majority of countries supporting Bowlbys idea that attachment is innate and universal.
  107. 107How has the study got good internal validity?Very large sample size, nearly 2000. - reduce impact of anomalous results caused by bad methodology or very unusual participants.
  108. 108Examples of 2 other cultural variation studiesItalian study - simonella
    Korean study - Jin
    Both to see if attachment types matches the other studies
  109. 109How to samples tend to be unrepresentative of culture?Meta analysis by Van Ijzendoorn claimed to be study or different cultures but actually study of different countries.
    Particular cultural characteristics of the sample need to be specified
  110. 110What is meant by Etic? What is meant by Emic?Etic = cultural universals
    Emic = cultural uniqueness
  111. 111How is the method of assessment biased?Trying to apply a theory designed for one culture to another is known as imposed etic
    Lack of separation anxiety indicate insecure attachment in SS but in Germany this may be seen as independence.
  112. 112What is Maternal deprivation?Emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child an his 'mother'.
  113. 113What did Bowlby propose?That continuous care from a mother is essential for normal psychological development and that prolonged separation from this adult causes serious damage to emotional and intellectual development.
  114. 114What is the distinction between separation and deprivation?Sepration = child not being in the presence of primary care giver
    Only becomes an issue if child is deprived which can then cause harm.
  115. 115What did bolwby see the first 30 months of life as?Critical period
  116. 116How is intellectual development affected?Believed if deprived of care for too long during the critical period they would suffer delayed intellectual development - abnormally low IQ.
  117. 117How is emotional development affected?Identified affectionless psychopathy as the inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others.
    Prevents a person developing normal relationships as is associated with criminality - lack remorse for actions
  118. 118What did Bowlbys 44 thieves study examine?The link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation.
  119. 119What did the study consist of?44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing.
    All were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy (characterised as lack of affection,guilt,empathy.)
  120. 120Why were the families also interviewed?Establish whether the 'thieves' had prolonged early separations
  121. 121A control group was set up. Why and who?Non crimal but emotionally disturbed young people, to see how often maternal deprivation/separation occurred in children who were not thieves.
  122. 122What did they find?Found that 14 out of the 44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths.
    Of this 14, 12 had experienced prolonged separation from mothers in first 2 years of their lives.
    In contrast only 5 of the remaining thieves had experienced prolonged separation.
  123. 123What did they find in the control group?Only 2 of 44 experienced prolonged separation
  124. 124What was concluded?Prolonged early separation deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy
  125. 125Why may the evidence be poor?Drew up on sources of, 44 thieves, war orphans and poor quality ophanages
  126. 126Why were these all flawed as evidence?War orphans were traumatised, poor after care
    Children growing up in poor quality orphanages from birth were deprived of many aspects of care not just maternal care.
  127. 127What Counter evidence is there?44 thieves replicated on a larger scale looking at 500 young people.
    In her sample a history of prolonged separation did not predict criminality.
    Other factors may affect outcome of early maternal deprivation.
  128. 128Why was the critical period more of a sensitive period?Damage is not inevitable. Some cases of severe deprivation have had good outcomes provided the child has some form of social interaction and good aftercare.
    Twins locked in cupboard from 18 months to 7 years but then looked after by loving adults and appear to recover fully
  129. 129Why may there have been failure to distinguish between deprivation and privation?Deprivation = loss of primary attachment figure after attachment
    Privation = failure to form any attachment in the first place.
    Rutter claimed bowlby meant privation.
  130. 130What is institutionalisation?A term for effects of living in an institutionalised setting.
  131. 131What does the term institution mean?Refers to a place like a hospital or an orphanage where children live for long, continuous periods of time.
    Often very little emotional care provided
  132. 132What is meant by orphan studies?These concern children placed in care because their parents cannot look after them.
  133. 133How many children were Romanian women required to have? (1990s)5 but many could not afford to keep them all so children ended up in huge orphanages in very poor conditions
  134. 134What was Rutters english and romanian adoptee study prodecdure?Rutter followed group of 165 orphans adopted in britain to test to what extent good care could make up for poor early past experiences in institutions. Physical, cognitive and emotional development assessed at 4,6,11,15.
  135. 135Who served at control group?52 british children adopted around the same time.
  136. 136Regarding the findings what happened when they first arrived in the UK?Half showed signs of delayed intellectual development and majority severely undernourished.
  137. 137Regarding the findings what happened at age of 11?Children adopted showed differential rates of recovery hat were related to their age of adoption.
  138. 138What was the mean IQ for those children adopted before 6 months?102
    Compared with 86 for those adopted between 6 months and 2 years.
    77 if adopted after 2 years
    Differences remained at age 16
  139. 139Those children adopted after 6 months showed signs of a particular attachment style called...Disinhibited attachment
  140. 140What do the symtoms include?Seeking
    Clinginess
    social behaviour directed at all adults.
  141. 141If adopted before 6 months...Rarely showed signs of disinhibited attachment
  142. 142What did Zeanah assess in the bucharest early intervention project?Attachment in 95 children aged 12-31 months who had spent most of their lives in an institution.
  143. 143Who were they compared to?Control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution
  144. 144How was attachment type measured?Using strange situation.
  145. 145What did they find about the control group?74% securely attached.
    Disinhibited applied to 20%
  146. 146What did they find about the institutional group?19% securely attached
    65% disorganised attachment
    Disinhibited applied to 44%
  147. 147What are the effects of Institutionalisation?Disinhibited attachment
    Mental retardation
  148. 148what is disinhibited attachment?Equally friendly towards people they know well and those they may have just met.
    Adaption to living with multiple caregivers during sensitive period. (in romania may have 50 carers)
  149. 149What is mental retardation?Most showed signs of this when they first arrived in Britain, but most adopted before 6 months old. (caught up with control group by age of 4)
    Can be recovered if adopted before 6 months
  150. 150How do Romanian orphan studies have real life application?Enhanced understanding of institutionalisation. - led to improvements. Smaller staff so only 1 or 2 caregivers play central role for the child. - key worker.
  151. 151What does this show?Research has been immensely valuable in practical terms.
  152. 152Why do these studies have less extraneous variables than other orphan studies?Before these studies, studies were done on children who had experienced neglect, trauma, abuse. - hard to observe effects because children were dealing with multiple factors which functioned as confounding participant variables.
    So Romanian orphan studies have higher internal validity.
  153. 153Why were the Romanian orphanages not typical?Conditions were so bad cannot be generalised to other institutions.
  154. 154What were the ethical issues of these studies?Methodological issues = children were not randomly assigned to conditions.
    Did not interfere with adoption process so those adopted early may have been more sociable - confounding variable.
    Should use random allocation
  155. 155What are childhood relationships?Affiliations with other people in childhood, including friends and classmates, adults like teachers.
  156. 156What are adult relationships?Those relationships the child goes on to have later in life as an adult. - friendships, working relationships, romantic partners, own children
  157. 157What is attachment type associated with?Quality of peer relationships in childhood.
    Securely = best quality childhood friendships
    Insecurely = Later have friendship difficulties
  158. 158How can bullying behaviour be predicted by attachment type?Myron-Wilson and Smith used standard questionnaires to test attachment type and bullying involvement.
  159. 159Who was involved?196 children aged 7-11 from London
  160. 160What was a child with a secure attachments role in bullying?Unlikely to be involved
  161. 161What was a child with an insecure-resistant attachments role in bullying?Most likely to be the bullies
  162. 162What was a child with an insecure-avoidant attachments role in bullying?Most likely to be the victim
  163. 163Who did Gerard McCarthy study in a study of attachment in romantic relationships and friendships?Studied 40 adult women who had been assessed when they were infants to establish their early attachment type.
  164. 164What was found of those who were securely attached?Best adult friendships and romantic relationships
  165. 165What was found of those who were classed as insecure-resistant?Particular problems maintaining friendships
  166. 166What was found of those who were classed as insecure-avoidant?Struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships
  167. 167What did Hazan and Shaver conduct?A classic study of the association between attachment and adult relationships.
  168. 168Who did they analyse?620 replies to a 'love quiz' printed in an American local newspaper
  169. 169The quiz had 3 sections. What did each section assess?First = assessed respondents current or most important relationship
    Second = assessed general love experiences such as number of partners
    Third = assessed attachment type by asking respondents to choose which of 3 statements best described their feelings
  170. 170What did they find?56% identified as securely attached
    25% insecure-avoidant
    19% insecure-resistant
  171. 171What did those reporting secure attachments most likely to have?Good and longer lasting romantic experiences
  172. 172What did the avoidant respondents tend to reveal?Jealousy and fear of intimacy
  173. 173What evidence is there on continuity of attachment type is mixed?Internal working model predicts continuity between security of an infants attachment and later life relationships.
    McCarthy supports internal working model
    Zimmerman 2000 (assessed it and there was little relationship) doesnt support
  174. 174What are alternative explanations for continuity that exists between infant and later life relationships?Parenting style may have direct affect on both attachment and the child's ability to for relationships with others. Alternatively the childs temperament may influence both infant attachment and the quality of later relationships. - counter argument
  175. 175Why may it have issues of validity?As relies on accurate recollections so probably lacks validity.
    Assessment relies on interviews and questionnaires, validity of these is limited because depend on respondents being honest and having a relalistic view of their own relationships.

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A level Psychology Karteikarten am Attachment, erstellt von Erin Vernon am 19/06/2017.
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Erin Vernon · Jun 2017
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