Karteikarten
Chapter 9 Language Development
Karten in diesem Stapel (34)
- 1PhonologyRefers to the rules governing the structure and sequence of speech sounds.
- 2SemanticsInvolves vocabulary - the way underlying concepts are expressed in words and word combinations.
- 3GrammarConsists of two main parts syntax and morphology.
- 4SyntaxThe rules by which words are arranged into sentences.
- 5MorphologyThe use of gramatical markers indicating number, tense, case, person, gender, active or passive voice, and other meanings. E.g. the endings -s and -ed are examples in English.
- 6PragmaticsRefers to the rules for engaging in appropriate and effective communication.
- 7Nativist Perspective (who)Noam Chomsky
- 8Nativist PerspectiveChildren have a language acquisition device (LAD) which contains a universal grammar.
- 9Language acquisition device (LAD)An innate system that permits them, once they have acquired sufficient vocabulary, to combine words into grammatically consisten, novel utterances and to understand the meaning of the sentences they hear. Part of the Nativst Perspective by Noam Chomsky.
- 10Universal grammarA built-in storehouse of rules common to all human languages. Part of the Nativist approach by Noam Chomsky.
- 11Can animals acquire language?No evidence exists that even the brightest animals can comprehend and produce sentences that are both complex and novel.
- 12PhonemesThe smallest sound units that signal a change in meaning.
- 13Infant-directed speecha form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expressions, clear pronounciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, clear gestures to support verbal meaning, and repition of new words in a variety of contexts.
- 14CooingFirst speech sounds, vowel-like noises.
- 15BabblingInfants repeat consonant-vowel combinations, often in long strings such as bababababa.
- 16Joint attentionThe child attends to the same object or event as the caregiver.
- 17ProtodeclarativeThe baby points to, touches or holds up an object while looking at others to make sure they notice.
- 18ProtoimperativeThe baby gets another person to do something by reaching and pointing, and often making sounds at the same time.
- 19Fast-mappingChildren can connect a new word with an underlying concept after only a brief encounter.
- 20UnderextensionAn error where the child applies words to narrowly. For example using the word bear to refer to a special teddy bear.
- 21OverextensionApplying a word to a wider collection and events than is appropriate. For example car to all vehicles.
- 22Mutual exclusivity biasThe assumption that words refer to entirely separate (nonoverlapping) categories.
- 23Syntactic bootstrappingPreschoolers may discover many word meanings by observing how words are used in syntax, or the structure of sentences.
- 24Telegraphic speechTwo-word utterances because like a telegram they focus on high-content words and omit smaller less important ones.
- 25OverregularisationWhen children can apply a regular morphological rule, they extend it to words that are exceptions. My toy breaked.
- 26Semantic bootstrappingThe use word meanings to figure out sentence structure.
- 27RecastsRestructuing inacurate speech into the correct form. Adults reforming incorrect speech.
- 28ExpansionsElaborating on children's speech, increasing its complexity.
- 29TurnaboutThe speaker comments on what has been said but also adds a request to the partner to respond again. Conversational strategy.
- 30ShadingThe speaker initiates a change of topic gradually by modifying the focus of discussion. Converstational strategy.
- 31Illocutionary intentWhat a speaker means to say, even if the form of the utterance is not perfectly consistent with it.
- 32Referential communication skillsTo communicate effectively, we must produce clear verbal messages and recognise when messages we receive are unclear so we can ask for more information.
- 33Metalinguistic awarenessThe ability to think about language as a system.
- 34Code switchingbilingual children sometimes produce an utterance in one language that contains one or more 'guest' words from the other.
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- Child Development Karteikarten am Chapter 9 Language Development, erstellt von Ryan Bentham am 22/10/2017.
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