Karteikarten
Memory
Karten in diesem Stapel (66)
- 1Shriffin and Atkinson (1969) created what model and what does the model consist of (in order)
- 2Information from the _______ __________ enters the ________registers through each of our______ (vision, hearing, taste smell, and touch).- Physical enviroment
- Sensory
- Senses - 3The Sensory registers are temporary storage until it can be ________ to. If left unattended to, it will be quickly _______.-attended
- forgotten - 4When we attend to the information in the sensory registers, what is the possible outcome of it?Top-Down processing guides this encoding of sensory input from sensory memory into short term memory.
- 5Top-Down processing?using information stored in long-term memory
- 6If attended and studied, information in short-term memory will be encoded into ________ _______ _________ where it is stored for later use.-long-term memory
-later - 7To use the information stored in long-term memory, what occurs?we retrieve it back into short-term memory
- 8Memory is the mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time through three fundamental processes....? [ HINT: E.S.R]Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
- 9Encodingthe process of transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system
- 10The process of ____ information in memory so that it can be used for a later time. What is this process called ?-retaining
-Storage - 11What is Retrieval? Involves _______ the stored information so that we are consciously _____ of it.-recovering
-aware - 12What is our dominant sense?Vision
- 13What takes place in the short-term memory? [ I.R.Cps]Imagining, Remembering, and Conscious problem solving
- 14What is important to note about short-term memory and long-term memory important? [Hint: Transfer]The transfer of information between short-term and long- term goes two ways (retrieval of information can be for ST to LT or LT to ST)
- 15What is a characteristic of visual sensory memory?Iconic Memory
- 16Iconic memory [Hint: Senses]The visual sensory register that holds an exact copy of the incoming visual input but only for a brief period of time, less than one second.
- 17How do we know the time duration that our memory projects before it is forgotten? [ Hint: Meaningful pattern]An experimental procedure called the Temporal Integration in which two meaningless visual patterns that produce a meaningful pattern if integrated are presented sequentially with the time delay between their presentations varied.
- 18What can we conclude about the temporal integration procedure and Sperling's full-report procedure? [Hint: senses time duration]There is a visual sensory register and that it seems to hold an exact copy of the visual stimulus (indicating a large compacity), but only for a brief time, less than a second.
- 19Imagine this: you turn off the lights in your room and a friend turns on a flashlight and waves it in a circular motion. You see a circle of light, Why? [Hint: Sensory]This is Iconic memory at work, it allows us to see the world as continuous and not as a series of unconnected snap shots.
- 20The sensory receptors are what enable c_nti____uo__s_ _erc______io_ of the environment. What is the important function that helps us reach this? [Hint: the first time you meet someone sticks]-continuous perception
- the important function of the senory memory is to briefely story sensory IMPRESSIONS so that they overlap slightly with one another. - 21The Echoic memory holds sound information a little bit longer ( up to __ or __ seconds) This brief auditory sensory trace for sound allows you to for example, hear a speech as continuous words or a series of musical notes as a melody rather than ______ sounds.-3 or 4
- disjointed - 22The memory stage with a small capacity and a brief _____ (x<30 seconds) that we are consciously _________ of and in which we do our problem solving, reasoning, and decision making.(Short- Term Memory)
-duration
aware - 23To asses the capacity of short-term memory, researchers have used the M_______y _pa__ Task.Memory span
- 24( Memory Span Task )a memory task in which the participant is given a series of items one at a time and then has to recall the items in the order in which they were presented.
- 25What is it called when the averaged number of items an individual can remember across a series of memory span trials?Memory Span
- 26Humans remember 7+- 2 (5 to 9) chunks of information on memory span task. What is meant by the term "chunk" considered from the memory span task? [Hint: size]A "chunk" is a meaningful unit in a person's memory. If a chunks are larger for a particular type of material (words vs. letters), we remember more information but not more chunks.
- 27What is the memory task called in which a small amount of information is briefly presented and then the participant is interrupted from rehearsing the information for a variable period of time; after which the participant has to recall the information.distractor task
- 28How do we prevent information stored in short term memory from decaying or getting lost. [Hint: We gotta take care of my baby everyday or else my baby will throw short tantrums]Maintenance Rehearsal
- 29Maintenance Rehearsal is a type of rehearsal in _ho__t te_m _em___y in which the information is repeated over and over again to _____ it beyond the usual 20 second duration.-Short Term Memory
-maintain - 30What is the term called for when information is not actively rehearsed it is then lost.decay
- 31Long Term MemoryThe memory stage in which information is stored for a long period of time (perhaps permanently) and whose capacity is essentially unlimited.
- 32Two potential causes for forgetting in short-term memory is..[Hint: I need to practice playing the violen without glancing at my phone every 10 minutes or so]1.) new information is not maintained by rehearsing it through a good amount of time
2.) Interference from new or competing information (like distraction) - 33____ and ____ memories blend together in autobiographical memorysemantic
episodic - 34LT memory for factual knowledge and personal experiences. This type of memory requires a conscious effort to remember and entails making declarations about the information remembered. What is this type of long-term memory calledExplicit (declarative) memory
- 35What is the difference between semantic memory and episodic memory?Semantic memory is part of explicit memory for factual knowledge while the other part of explicit memory, episodic memory, entails personal expierences.
- 36L.T. memory for a procedural tasks, classical conditioning, and primary effects. This type of memory does NOT require conscious awareness or the need to make declarations about the information remembered. What is this Long Term memory called?Implicit (nondeclaritive) memory
- 37How does information get encoded into long term memory? (the effective strategy)Elaborative Rehearsal
- 38Rehearsal that involves focusing on the m___ni_g of information to help encode and transfer it to ____ _____ ____. What is this rehearsal called?(Elaborative Rehearsal)
-meaning
-Long term memory - 39Procedural Memories [ Hint: My body shall take me wherever i please]Implicit memory for cognitive and motor tasks that have a physical procedural aspect to them.
- 40Classical ConditioningConditioned responses automatically elicited by conditioned stimuli
- 41Priming [Hint: Influenced]The implicit influence of an earlier presented stimulus on the response to a later stimulus. The influences is independent of conscious memory for the earlier stimuli.
- 42What is this called when a person with severe memory deficits following brain surgery or injury..amnesic
- 43Amnesics show implicit repetitious ____ effects.priming
- 44The inability to form new explicit L.T. memories for events following surgery or trauma to the brain. Explicit memories formed BEFORE the surgery or trauma are left intact. What is this called?anterograde amnesia
- 45The disruption of memory for the past, especially episodic information for events before, especially just before, surgery or trauma to the brain.retrograde amnesia
- 46How is it possible that other amnesics can form new implicit but not explicit memories? [HINT: Brain parts]The cerebellum and basal ganglia excluding the hippocampus are important for implicit memory formation and storage. Explicit information is not intact because the hippocampus is removed which is crucial to the formation of explicit memory formation.
- 47What three tasks show that S.T. Memory and L.T. Memory are separate in stages?free recall task, primary effect, recency effect.
- 48What are the three main methods for measuring our ability to retrieve information from L.T. memory ? [R.R.R]-Recall
-Recognition
-Relearning - 49A measure of LT memory retrieval that requires the reproduction of the information with essentially no retrieval Cues. [ex: short answer and essay test questions]Recall
- 50A measure of LT memory retrieval that only requires the identification of the information in the presence of retrieval cues. [ex: multiple choice and matching test questions]Recognition
- 51The savings method of measuring LT memory retrieval in which the measure is the amount of time saved when learning information for the second time. [ex: comprehensive final exam over entire course]Relearning
- 52Encoding failure [Hint: Damnit! I forgot to write the equation down in my notes, how am i supposed to remember it now??]A theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the failure to encode the information into long term memory.
[ SAY AN EXAMPLE ] - 53Storage Decay Theory [Hint: LT Memory bio]Forgetting is due to the decay of the biological representation of the information in long term memory.
[ SAY AN EXAMPLE ] - 54Interference Theory [Hint: Meaningless thought tend to toy with my feelings]Forgetting is due to the interference of other information in long-term memory, making the forgotten information inaccessible. [ SAY AN EXAMPLE ]
- 55Cue-Dependent TheoryForgetting is due to the unavailability of the retrieval cues necessary to locate the information in L.T. Memory. [ SAY AN EXAMPLE ]
- 56What is the misinformation effect?A memory distortion phenomenon in which existing memories can be altered if you are exposed to misleading information.
- 57The act of remembering is an act of ______.reconstruction
- 58Our retrieval reconstructions is guided by what are called _____- the frame works for our knowledge about people , objects, events, and actions.Schemas
- 59Schemas allow us to ____ and retrieve information about the world in a more organized, efficient manner.encode
- 60source misattribution [Hint: dude you grabbed the wrong spiral i needed for class]attributing a memory to the wrong source, resulting in false memory.
- 61??= An inaccurate memory that feels as real as an accurate memory.False Memory
- 62False memories can also be the result of _____ and _____ inflation and the misinformation effect.-imagination
-observation - 63Imagination inflation is increased _____ in a false memory of an event cause by repeating imagining the event.confidence
- 64Similar false memory effect in which a false memory of _el_-p___for____ of an action is induced by merely observing another person's actions. What could account for this effect?self-performance
- mirror neurons may trigger a covert simulation of the action and thus activate motor representations similar to those produced during actual self- performance of an action - 65Give a personal example of a time you experienced the mis-information effect*state personal account*
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