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Research Methods

Charlotte Osborne Psychology A level Englisch 60 Karten

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  1. 1THE EXPERIMENTAL METHODTHE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
  2. 2AimsA statement of what the researcher(s) intend to find out in a research study.
  3. 3DebriefingA post-research interview designed to inform participants of the true nature of the study and to restore them to the state they were in at the start of the study. It may also be used to gain useful feedback about the procedures in the study. Debriefing is not an ethical issue; it is a means of dealing with ethical issues.
  4. 4Ethical IssuesConcern questions of right and wrong. They arise in research where there are conflicting sets of values between researchers and participants concerning the goals, procedures or outcomes of a research study.
  5. 5ExperimentA research method where causal conclusions can be drawn because an independent variable has been deliberately manipulated to observe the causal effect on the dependant variable.
  6. 6Extraneous VariablesExtraneous variables do not vary systematically with the IV and therefore do not act as an alternative IV but may have an effect on the DV. They are nuisance variables that muddy the waters and make it more difficult to detect a significant effect.
  7. 7HypothesisA precise and testable statement about the assumed relationship between variables. Operationalisation is a key part of making the statement testable.
  8. 8Independent Variable (IV)Some event that is directly manipulated by an experimenter in order to test its effect on another variable- the dependant variable (DV).
  9. 9Informed ConsentParticipants must be given comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the research and their role in it, in order that they can make an informed decision about whether to participate.
  10. 10OperationaliseEnsuring that variables are in a form that can be easily tested. A concept such as 'educational attainment' needs to be specified more clearly if we are going to investigate it. For example it might be operationalised as 'GCSE grade in Maths'.
  11. 11Standardised ProceduresA set of procedures that are the same for all participants in order to be able to repeat the study. This includes standardised instructions- the instructions given to participants to tell them how to perform the task.
  12. 12CONTROL OF VARIABLESCONTROL OF VARIABLES
  13. 13Confounding VariableA variable under study that is not the IV but which varies systematically with the IV. Changes in the DV may be due to the confounding variable rather than the IV and therefore the outcome is meaningless. To 'confound' means to cause confusion.
  14. 14ControlRefers to the extent to which any variable is held constant or regulated by a researcher.
  15. 15External ValidityThe degree to which a research finding can be generalised: to other settings (ecological validity); to other groups of people (population validity); over time (historical validity).
  16. 16Extraneous VariablesExtraneous variables do not vary systematically with the IV and therefore do not act as an alternative IV but may have an effect on the dependant variable. They are nuisance variables that muddy the the waters and make it more difficult to detect a significant effect.
  17. 17Internal ValidityThe degree to which an observed effect was due to the experimental manipulation rather than other factors such as confounding/extraneous variables.
  18. 18Mundane RealismRefers to how a study mirrors the real world. The research environment is realistic to the degree to which experiences encountered in the research environment will occur in the real world.
  19. 19ValidityRefers to whether an observed effect is a genuine one.
  20. 20ConfederateAn individual in a study who is not a real participant and has been instructed how to behave by the investigator.
  21. 21Directional HypothesisStates the direction of the predicted difference between two conditions or two groups of participants.
  22. 22Non-Directional HypothesisPredicts simply that there is a difference between two conditions or two groups of participants, without stating the direction of the difference.
  23. 23Pilot StudyA small-scale trial run of a study to test any aspects of the design, with a view to making improvements.
  24. 24EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
  25. 25CounterbalancingAn experimental technique used to overcome order effects when using a repeated measures design. Counterbalancing ensures that each condition is tested first or second in equal amounts.
  26. 26Experimental DesignA set of procedures used to control the influence of factors such as participant variables in an experiment.
  27. 27Independent Groups DesignParticipants are allocated to two (or more) groups representing different levels of the IV. Allocation is usually done using random techniques.
  28. 28Matched Pairs DesignPairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables such as age and IQ. One member of each pair is allocated to one of the conditions under test and the second person is allocated to the other condition.
  29. 29Order EffectIn a repeated measures design, an extraneous variable arising from the order in which conditions are presented, e.g. a practice effect or fatigue effect.
  30. 30Random AllocationAllocating participants to experimental groups or conditions using random techniques.
  31. 31Repeated Measures DesignEach participant takes part in every condition under test, i.e. each level of the IV.
  32. 32Field ExperimentA controlled experiment conducted outside a laboratory. The IV is still manipulated by the experimenter, and therefore causal relationships can be demonstrated. Field experiments tend to have lower internal validity (more difficult to control extraneous and confounding variables) and higher external validity (greater mundane realism). Participants are usually unaware that they are participating in an experiment; thus their behaviour may be more natural and they are less likely to respond to cues from the experimenter.
  33. 33Laboratory ExperimentAn experiment carried out in a controlled setting. Lab experiments tend to have high internal validity because good control over all variables is possible. They tend to have low ecological validity because participants are aware they are being studied and also the tasks involved tend to be more artificial.
  34. 34Natural ExperimentA research method in which the experimenter has not manipulated the independent variable (IV) directly. The IV would vary whether or not the researcher was interested. The researcher records the effects of the IV on the DV- this may be measured in a lab. Strictly speaking, an experiment involves the deliberate manipulation of an IV and random allocation to conditions by the experimenter- neither of which apply to a natural experiment and therefore causal conclusions can only tentatively be drawn.
  35. 35Quasi-ExperimentsStudies that are 'almost' experiments. The IV is actually not something that varies at all- it is a condition that exists. The researcher records the effect of this 'quasi-IV' on a DV. As with a natural experiment, the lack of manipulation of the IV and the lack of random allocation means that causal conclusions can only tentatively be drawn.
  36. 36Demand CharacteristicsA cue that makes participants unconsciously aware of the aims of a study or helps participants work out what the researcher expects to find.
  37. 37Investigator Effect (Experimenter Bias)Anything that an investigator does that has an effect on a participants performance in a study other than what was intended. This includes direct effects (as a consequence of the investigator interacting with the participant) and indirect effects (as a consequence of the investigator designing the study). Investigator effects may act as a confounding or extraneous variable.
  38. 38SAMPLINGSAMPLING
  39. 39BiasA systematic distortion.
  40. 40GeneralisationApplying the findings of a particular study to the population.
  41. 41Opportunity SampleA sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study.
  42. 42PopulationThe group of people that the researcher is interested in. The group of people from whom a sample is drawn. The group of people about whom generalisations can be made.
  43. 43Random SampleA sample of participants produced by using a random technique such that every member of the target population being tested has an equal chance of being selected.
  44. 44SamplingThe method used to select participants, such as random, opportunity and volunteer sampling, or to sample behaviours in an observation such as event or time sampling.
  45. 45Stratified SamplingA sample of participants produced by identifying subgroups according to their frequency in the population. Participants are then selected randomly from the subgroups.
  46. 46Systematic SampleA sample obtained by selecting every nth person. This can be a random sample if the first person is selected using a random method; you then select every nth person after that.
  47. 47Volunteer SampleA sample that relies solely on volunteers to make up the sample. Also called a self-selected sample.
  48. 48Volunteer BiasA form of sampling bias because volunteer participants have special characteristics, such as being more highly motivated than randomly selected participants.
  49. 49ETHICAL ISSUESETHICAL ISSUES
  50. 50ConfidentialityConcerns the communication of personal information from one person to another, and the trust that the information will be protected.
  51. 51DeceptionA participant is not told the true aims of a study (e.g. what participation will involve) and thus cannot truly give informed consent.
  52. 52Informed ConsentParticipants must be given comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of the research and their role in it, in order that they can make an informed decision about whether to participate.
  53. 53PrivacyA persons right to control the flow of information about themselves.
  54. 54Protection From HarmDuring a research study, participants should not experience negative physical or psychological effects, such as physical injury, lowered self-esteem or embarrassment.
  55. 55Right To WithdrawParticipants can stop participating in a study if they are uncomfortable in any way. This is especially important in cases where it was not possible to give fully informed consent. Participants should also have the right to refuse permission for the researcher to use any data they produced.
  56. 56Cost-Benefit AnalysisA systematic approach to estimating the negatives and positives of any research.
  57. 57DebriefingA post-research interview designed to inform participants of the true nature of the study and to restore them to the state they were in at the start of the study. It may also be used to gain useful feedback about the procedures in the study. Debriefing is not an ethical issue, it is a means to dealing with ethical issues
  58. 58Ethical Guidelines (Code of Conduct)A set of principles designed to help professionals behave honestly and with integrity.
  59. 59Ethics CommitteeA group of people within a research institution that must approve a study before it begins.
  60. 60Presumptive ConsentA method of dealing with lack of informed consent or deception, by asking a group of people who are similar to the participants whether they would agree to take part in a study. If this group of people consents to the procedures in the proposed study, it is presumed that the real participants would also have agreed.

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Psychology flashcards about research methods.
Erstellt von
Charlotte Osborne
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