Karteikarten
chapter 2: GENES, EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR
Karten in diesem Stapel (95)
- 1GenotypeSpecific genetic makeup of an individual
- 2Observable features that reflect genetic endowmentPhenotype
- 3ChromosomeTightly coiled molecule of DNA that is partly covered by protein,
- 4What does this represent?Tightly coiled molecule of DNA, the chromosome
- 5DNA portion of the chromosome that carries _____Genes
- 6Each nucleus contains ______chromosomes; _______pairs.Each nucleus contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
- 7This represents?The number of chromosomes a somatic cell's nucleus has. 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.
- 8Alternative forms of a gene that produce different characteristics are called?Alleles
- 9The particular characteristic a _______ trait controls will be displayed. The particular characteristic a _______trait controls will not be expressed, unless both parents have this trait.Dominant; recessive
- 10A number of genes working together to create a specific phenotypic trait (i.e., appearance trait)Polygenic transmission
- 11________ _________magnifies potential variation that can occur; the union of the sperm and egg can result in 70 trillion potential _______, even among siblings, although 99.9% of genes are identical among ________.Polygenic transmission; genotypes; humans
- 12More understanding about our genome and our genes leads to better ______ discoveriesMedical/pharmaceutical
- 13In 1990, the ______ _________occurred. In 2001, the ____ _____ was published.Geneticists started the human genome project in _____. ; Then the Genetic map was published.
- 14The ____ ______ project wanted to map the specific human genome (the sum of a human's ______). They found out what? And what does contemporary research allow us to do?-Human genome project
-Wanted to find the human DNA/ chemical components of it/ completely
-Wanted to identify and map all genes of the genome (physical and functional)
-Found out humans contain less genes than previously thought. Like a fruit fly.
- Allows us to research new medicines and pharmaceuticals. - 15What exactly is the human genome?The set of genetic information for homo sapiens.
DNA sequence within the chromosome pairs
Mitochondrial DNA - 16This image represents?The human genome
- 17The human genomeImage represents?
- 18Represents?The relationship between gene, chromosome, and DNA
- 19The relationship between?The relationship between DNA, gene, and chromosome and nucleus.
- 20What does A represent?"Junk": portion of DNA strand that is not a gene .
- 21Process of recombinant DNA procedures?1) Specific enzymes cut DNA
2) Combine this DNA with another organism's
3) Insert the combination into a host (such as bacterium)
4) DNA multiplies - 22Genotype and phenotype are not identical because some genes are?Dominant and some are recessive!
- 23Genes affect development, structure, and function in the human body through controlling production of ______Proteins
- 24Gene engineering allows?Duplicate gene material
Alter gene material
Potentially Repair dysfunctional genes - 25PolygenicMultiple genes interact to form traits
- 26Who is interested in studying this pathway: Hereditary & environment-->PsychologyBehavioural geneticists
- 27______ _______ is a statistic that represents how much of a variation is heritable.Heritability coefficient
- 28Heritability refers to? Heredity refers to?Heredity: inherited characteristics from parent to offspring
Heritability: how much of the variation of a characteristic in a population can be attributed to genetics. - 29WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCENT GENETICS VS ENVIRONMENT, AND AMT OF VARIATION? I.E..., WHAT DOES 0.50 HERITABILITY COEFFICIENT MEAN>?STUDY THIS!!!!!!!
- 30Heritability coefficients as they pertain to common human traits could be classed into three groups: action/performance, personality, and emotion . What are common HC for "action/performance"?Alcohol problem: 0.26
Smoking: 0.52
Activity level: 0.25
School achievement: 0.40 - 31HC pertaining to emotion?-Anxiety disorder 0.35
-Depression disorder 0.37
- Emotional stability 0.31
-Antisocial behaviour 0.41 - 32HC relating to personality?Extraversion: 0.36
Conscientiousness: 0.28
Agreeableness: 0.28
Impulsivity: 0.45 - 33HC relating to quantifiable things: IQ, height, weightHeight: 0.80
Weight: 0.60
IQ: 0.50-0.70 - 34The chromosome
- 35________ is the likelihood that two people share a common characteristic.Concordance
- 36When an adopted kid is compared to his/her adoptive AND biological parent(s) to indicate heredity.Adoption study
- 37A behaviour genetics method in which twins are compared; especially useful when they are raised in different places.Twin studies
- 38Twins can be ______ or ______.Fraternal or identical.
- 39Compare identical and fraternal twins on the basis of biology.Identical twins are formed from the same egg, monozygotic, and share 1.00 HC. The chance of this happening is 1:250
Fraternal twins are formed from different eggs, are dizygotic, and share 0.50 HC in a "sibling" relationship. The chance is 1:125 - 40Heredity, hereditary, heritabilityDifferentiate between..
- 41What do A and B represent?A represents 1) the fertilization of an egg 2) The fertilized egg
3) The fertilized egg spilts into two eggs, producing two IDENTICAL twins
B represents 1) 2 separate eggs separately fertilized 2) producing fraternal twins
- 42Gene therapy and genetic counseling controversy-Sometimes results about probability of disease are not accurate
- Question of ethics - 43"researchers have inserted a gene associated with Alzhiemer's disease into the brain of mice and later tested the impact on neurotransmission, brain structure, and behaviour"Knock-in procedure
- 44Genetic Screening and Therapy can be effective in...-Tests for susceptibility to disease (Alzheimer's, ), cancers, arthritis
- Diagnosis
-Likelihood of conceiving a child with problems
- Risk associated with heart, cancers, or psychiatric disorders - 45Controversy/ arguments surrounding gene therapy and counselingETHICAL/POLITICAL ISSUES
-Tests can be wrong; only tell you about susceptibility or risk
- Erroneous (wrong) results or misinterpretation of results possible
- Possibility of genetic discrimination (abortion, employer, etc.) - 46Good things about gene therapyMedicine and pharmaceutical opportunities
- 47Good things about genetic counselling--Help families to make health decisions for them and their kids (or future kids)
-Lifestyle choices/change - 48Most useful research method in the field of behavioural genetics?The study of identical twins raised in separate environments.
- 49Reaction RangeThe range of possibilities in the expression of a gene that the genetic code allows.
- 50An individual inherits a potential range of IQ at birth. The genetic component is not set in stone; what is actually expressed depends on the environmentReaction range
- 51Parents of little Johnny are very smart. This means his potential IQ range is high. However, where it falls in this potential IQ range depends on environmental factors,Reaction range
- 52Dyslexia-Not intellectual deficient, or blamed on education or the senses
- Difficulty reading
- 6 genetic locations that pose as risk for dyslexia
-Lower activation in the left temporal lobe in dyslexic patients than non - 53Environment and adoption programs account for how many IQ points?15-20
- 54Three levels of analysis in behavioural genetics?Environmental, biological, and psychological
- 55What is the biological level of analysis?The nervous system structures and functions; brain scans; study of impaired brains s
- 56What is the environmental level of analysis?--Environment brought up in
- Rewards and stimulation
- Punishment
-Culture - 57What is the psychological level of analysis?Emotions, thoughts, behaviour, normal and non-regular cognitive ability; plasticity: thoughts and behaviors influence the brain just like the brain influences thoughts and behaviours.
- 58Neural Plasticity/ brain plasticityThe ability for the brain to change in response to the environment and experiences
- 59Review:Biologically based mechanisms
- 60Receive information from the environment, process it, and then respond to it; based on the idea that humans are biological beings that actively respond to their environment and are self-regulating.Biologically based mechanisms
- 61We begin life with innate _________ that enable us to take in, process, and respond to information, predisposing us to behave, feel, and even think in certain waysBiologically based mechanisms
- 62"In humans, ____ _____ allow us to, among other things, learn, remember, speak a language, perceive certain aspects of our environment at birth, respond with universal emotions, and bond with other humans."Inborn biological mechanisms
- 63"important aspects of _____ ____ such as aggression, altruism, sex roles, protecting kin, and mate selection, are the products of ________.Social behaviour; evolved mechanisms.
(Behaviour doesn't evolve, only structures) - 64Behavior does not evolve; only _____.Structures.
- 65Genetic variations can be caused byMutations, random events, and accidents
- 66Natural selection acts as a _____filter
- 67"Fitness"The ability to survive and carry on genes.
- 68By-product of natural selection:mutations
- 69Domain-specific adaptationHuman mind is not a general all purpose problem solver, but, instead, a collection of "modules" that allowed adaptations in different areas. DSA: adaptation specializing.
- 70Adaptation specialization; detecting suitable mate or eating a specific foodDSA: Domain-Specific Adaptations
- 71An ________ thinks about the relationship between behaviour and adaptation and evolutionEvolutionary psychologist
- 72Evolutionary personality theoryPersonality traits are a function of natural selection (evolution)
- 73Parental investmentTEER: Time, Energy, Effort, Risk, in raising an offspring
- 74More parental investment, the more ______ in choosing a mateSelective
- 75One male mates with many femalesPolygyny
- 76MonogamousParents stay together at least until development; one partner for an amount of time
- 77PolyandryOne female mates with many males
- 78polygynandrySexual promiscuity: 2 or more males + 2 or more females
- 79Three most important characteristics in a mateAttractiveness, dependability, and emotional stability
- 80Men most look forPhysical attractiveness and good health
- 81Women most look forStatus, earning potential, and ambitiousness
- 82Men like _____women, whereas women like ____menYounger; older
- 83Men want"To spread the seed"; to be your only mate
- 84Women want:The men to stay; men with high parental investment (Rate Men who care for children in a picture, and not Men Vacuuming, as more attractive).
- 85CooperationMutual benefit
- 86Group of individuals achieving more (or potentially) than aloneCooperation
- 87AltruismOne individual helps another, but with some cost. (Groundhogs, etc. ). There are two important theories
- 88How many theories are there of altruism?2
- 89Theories of altruism (2)Kin selection theory; reciprocal altruism
- 90Kin selection theoryA theory of altruism; increase survival of relatives: most likely to help relatives closest
- 91Reciprocal Altruism theoryThe other theory of altruism apart from Kin Selection; Long-term cooperation; the belief in mutual help
- 92Genetic determinismThe view (sometimes wrong) that genes are definite. The belief genes determine who you are as a species. Genes are destiny.
--Treatments discovered through gene research and therapy to modify - 93True or false: evolution follows a natural planFalse: evolution describes adaptations over time and space.
- 94Social DarwinismIdea of genetic superiority; eugenics, selective breeding to produce a "master race"; the idea that upper class people are also genetically better.
- 95How are traits passed from one generation to the next? What effect do nature and nurture have on development? Are complex traits inherited in humans? Can personality have a genetic or biological component? Why should we be interested in twins?STUDY
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Information taken from the textbook: Psychology Frontiers and Applications by Passer
- Erstellt von
- Susannah Mackenz
- Aufrufe
- 254
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