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Scientific Process
Karten in diesem Stapel (26)
- 1How does one gather evidence?I - Identify: question of interest
G - Gather: form hypothesis
T - Test Hypothesis: conduct research
A - Analyze data: draw conclusions
B - Build body of knowledge: formal statements building theory - 2What are Scientific Theories?1. Organized info
2. Testable
3. Prediction supported by research
4. Conform to law of parsimony (simple is better) - 3What are Non-Scientific Theories?1. Make no prediction
2. Are not Testable
3. Cannot be Falsifiable - 4Types of Methods1. Descriptive Research
behaviour in natural settings
2. Correlational Studies
relationship between variables
3. Experimental
'cause + effect' - 5Case StudiesIn-depth analysis of individual, group or event
Advantages: detailed, challenge validity of theories, source of new ideas for further research - 6Naturalistic ObservationObservation of behaviour in a natural setting
Advantages: provides rich description of behaviour
Disadvantage: observer presence = impact on behaviour - 7Survey ResearchQuestionnaires
Advantages: findings portray population as a whole
Disadvantage: does not permit clear conclusions & rely on self-reports - 8Correlational ResearchResearcher measures one variable (x), another variable (y) & determines relation
* No manipulation * - 9Correlation CoefficientRanges from -1.0 to +1.0; sign indicates direction & absolute value indicates strength
Positive: variables = same direction
Negative: variables = opposite direction - 10Strength of CorrelationValue of coefficient = strength of relationship
Ex. correlation of -.80 reflects as powerful as +.80 - 113 Characteristics of Cause & Effect Relationships1. Manipulate one variable
2. Measures whether this variable produces change in another
3. Control for other factors that might influence results - 12Independent VariableManipulated by experimenter;
something that can be "changed"
Ex. noise level, or dose or drug - 13Dependent VariableMeasured by experimenter;
"dependent on" what can be changed
Ex. learning, # of symptoms - 14An industrial psychologist studies the # of cars produced on the assembly line during morning/evening shifts. What is the IV and DV?IV: time of shift
DV: # of cars - 15Experimental GroupReceives treatment
- 16Control GroupNot exposed to treatment
- 17Between-Subject DesignDifferent participants in each condition; groups must be equal for various traits
- 18Within-Subject DesignSame participants in all conditions; individuals are equal
- 19CounterbalancingDef~ order of conditions is varied;
No condition has an overall advantage compared to others - 20InteractionWhen one IV impacts the DV differently depending on the conditions of another IV
- 21Research ValidityHow well an experimental procedure actually tests what it is designed to;
Threats: confounding variables, expectancy effects & placebo effect - 22Confounding VariablesWhen there are 2 variables and cannot determine which impacted the DV
- 23Experimenter Expectancy EffectsUnintentional ways experimenters influence participants to respond to the hypothesis
- 24Double-blind procedureNeither participant or research knows which experimental condition the person is in
- 25Placebo EffectA change in behaviour that is due to one's expectation, not because of an experimental manipulation
- 26Quasi-Experimental ResearchAttempt to produce a cause + effect explanation but fall short
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- Beschreibung
- Beneficial if not shuffled.
- Erstellt von
- Elena Oliva
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