Karteikarten
Dement & Kleitman
Karten in diesem Stapel (28)
- 1Dement & KleitmanPhysiological Approach
- 2Aimsa) Do dreams occur in REM and NREM, or just REM sleep?
b) Pattern of eye movements in REM sleep matches the visual experience of the dream - 3DesignControlled observation
- 4Name the independent variableWhether the sleeper is woken up in REM or NREM sleep
- 5Name the 3 dependent variables1) Dreaming or not
2) Length of dream (5 or 15 mins)
3) Description of dream - 6SampleVolunteer sample
7 male, 2 female - 7Two controls1) Participants avoid caffeine and alcohol
2) Participants woken by bell, not by a person - 8What was the role of EOG?Measure eye movement using electrodes attached to the eyes
- 9What was the role of EEG?Recording brain activity to measure the depth of participants sleep, by attaching electrodes to the scalp
- 10When were the participants woken by the bell?Randomly or during alterations of REM or NREM sleep
- 11What were the participants not told?Whether they had just been in a REM sleep
- 12How was qualitative data recorded?The participants were asked to record whether they had been dreaming or not
- 13What type of sleep was recorded that each participant had every night?REM sleep
- 14How often, on average, did the participants have an REM episode?Every 92 minutes
- 15When did dreaming occur, according to this study?During REM sleep
- 16How many times was a dream recalled when woken in REM sleep?152
- 17How many times was a dream not recalled when woken in REM sleep?39
- 18How many times was a dream recalled when woken in NREM sleep?11
- 19How many times was a dream not recalled when woken in NREM sleep?149
- 20How many times were the participants correct when asked whether they were in 5 or 15 minutes of REM sleep?45 right (5 minutes)
47 right (15 minutes) - 21How many times were the participants incorrect when asked whether they were in 5 or 15 minutes of REM sleep?6 wrong (5 minutes)
13 (15 minutes) - 22What 4 eye movement patterns were identified in the results? And what type of dream were they linked to?1) Vertical - climbing a mountain
2) Horizontal - watching tomatoes being thrown
3) Mixed - close action
4) Slight movement - distant/fixed action - 233 conclusions of the study1) Identified an objective way of measuring dreaming
2) Most dreams occur in REM sleep
3) When dreams were recalled in NREM, it was 8 minutes into REM sleep, so probable dream is from a previous REM episode - 24How is this study highly valid? Give an exampleControl over extraneous variables e.g. control of avoidance of alcohol by participants
- 25How did the experimenters attempt to give ecological validity to this study?By asking the participants to arrive at their natural sleeping pattern
- 26How was this study ethical?Informed consent
Able to withdraw from study - 27How did this study have low generalisabilty?Small sample (9 participants)
- 28Improvements1) Participants placed in unknown, controlled environment - use of own bedding/beds - higher ecological validity
2) larger sample - high generalisibilty 3)gender balance (7m/2fm) gender - confounding variable
3) Use of brain scans (MRI) to show the relation of frequency of dreams with the structure of the brain - improve quantitative data