Karteikarten
Memory
Karten in diesem Stapel (45)
- 1What the meaning of Duration?' Duration refers to how long a memory lasts.
- 2How do most people keep informationin their STM?Rehersal as it is keeping the brain active
- 3what is the duration of LTM?2 hours to 100 hours
- 4Describe a study for Duration in LTMShepard- showed participants 612 memorable pictures one at a time. An hour later they where shown some of these pictures amopng a set of others and shown almost perfect recognition. Four moths later there was 50% recogntiion
- 5Describe a study on Duration in STMPeterson & Peterson- The experimentor said a consonant syllable to the participant followed by 3 digit number. They where told to count back wards in 3s or 4s from this number for either 3,6,9,,12,15,18 seconds and then told to recall the letters. They found that the longer the interval the less remember the letters.
- 6What is thre definition of 'Capasity'?Capasity refers to how much can be held in a particluar place.
- 7Descirbe a study in the capasity of STMMiller- 'The magic number seven plus or minus two.' he colcuded that the immediate number for recal is seven; people can cope reasonably well with counting 7dots on a screen but not many more than this.
- 8Describe a study that is a limitation for the capasity of STM may be even more limitedCowan- reviwed a variety of studies on the capasity in STM is likely to be four chunks- suggesting that STM may not be as extensive.
- 9Describe a study that tested the effetcs of acoustic and semantic similarily on short- and long-term recallBaddeley- he gave participants lists of words that were semantically simillar or dissimilar. He found that participants had difficulty remembering acoustically similar words posed little problem for short term recall but led to muddled long-term memories.
- 10Who created the multi-store memory model?Atkinson and Shiffrin-1968
- 11What consists of the Sensory memory?The sensory stores are constantly receiving information but most of it recieves no attention. It only stays for a brief period. If attention is attained then the information is transferred to STM.
- 12What does the STM consist of?Informationheld in the STM is in a 'fragile' state and will decay quickly if it isnt rehersed. Information is pushed out if the information isnt rehersed.
- 13What does the long term memory consist of in the MSM?If rehersal is maintained the information will transfer in the LTM and the capasity is practically unlimitied.
- 14What is a study that supports the distinction between STM and LTM?Researchers gave participants 20 words, presented one at a time and then asked to recall any words they remember. They tended to remember the words from the start of the list and at the end. First words where rehersed and went into LTM while the latest words went straight into STM.
- 15What are the strengths of the Multi Store Model?1. evidence to support it
2.model provides structure and process
3. it has clear predictions about memory meaning psychologists can conduct studies to test it. - 16What are the limitations the Multi Store Memory Model?1. parts are only either incorrect or partially correct.
2. it oversimplifies memory. - 17What is a study into proving LTM & STM are not unitary stores?STM- Case of KF, suffered brain damage which resulted in difficulty dealing with verbal info but not visual.
- 18What is a study to separate the LTM & STMasked participants to recall a set a set of pseudo-words and real words. Brain activity was monitored and found large differences in the two conditions. There was much more activity when real words were processed indicating the involvement of other areas in the brain.
- 19Who created the WMM?Baddeley and Hitch-1974
- 20Why did Baddeley and Hitch believe STM was not just one store?1.if you do two things at the same time and they are both visual tasks you perform less than if you do it separately.
2if two taks are being done and one is visual and the other involves sound you do them simultaneously as you do them separately. - 21What are the components of the Working Memory Model1.Central Executive
2.Phonological loop
3.Visuo-spatial sketchpad
4.Episodic buffer - 22what is the function of the Central Executive?There is no direct attention to particular tasks. Data arrives from the senses or LTM. The CE has a very limited capacity and cant attend to many things at once.
- 23What consists of the Phonological Loop?it deals with auditory information and preserves the order of information. It is subdivided into Phonological store and an articulatory process. The Phonological store holds the words you hear (inner ear) The articulatory process is used for words that are heard or seen (inner voice which maintains rehearsal)
- 24what consists of the Visuo-spatial sketchpad?it is used when you plan a spatial task. Visual/ spatial information is temporarily stored here.Visual=image Spatial= relationship between things.
- 25What consists in the episodic buffer?it was added as the model needed a general store. The phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad only hold specific types of information. The episodic buffer has a limited capacity.
- 26What is a study to support the CE?used fMRI to see which parts of the brain was active when reading out a sentence and recalling the last word. There was a significant increase in brain activity.
- 27What evidence supports the phonological loop and the articulatory process?seems that the phonological loop hold information that can hold 2 seconds of information. Larger words makes remembering this a lot harder.
- 28What are the strengths of the Working Memory Model?1.the model explains many psychological observations.
2.Very detailed and shows us how information is transferred. - 29What are the weaknesses of the WMM?The CE appears too vague to most psychologists and hasn't been explained into further detail.
- 30What are the 3 main stages of the EWT?1.The witness encodes into LTM details of the event and the person involved
2. The witness retains the information for a period of time.
3.The witness retrieves the memory from storage. - 31What Key study is used for the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?45 students was shown 7 different traffic accident. After each film they answered a questionnaire with one critical question 'about how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?' the verb was changed for each group: smashed, collided, bumped or contacted. They found that the group with the word smashed estimated the speed to higher than the groups that were given the word contacted.
- 32What is the follow on study from experiment 1?New participants were divided into 3 group and showna film of a 1 minute long car accident. Group 1 had the verb smashed, 2= hit and 3 didnt have a question on speed. groups were asked to return one week later and answer 10 questions with a critical question of "did you see any broken glass?" the found the group with the word smashed were more likely to say yes.
- 33Supporting evidence of the EWT key study?Participants were shown slides of events leading up to a car accident. One group was shown a stop sign and the other was shown a yield sign. The participants was then split into a further two group and each group a question which either was consistent to the film or which wasn't as half of one group had ' did another car pass the Datsun at a stop/yield sign? 75% of participants who had consistent questions picked the correct slide.
- 34What is a study on the link between anxiety and EWT?In both conditions participants heard a discussion in an adjoining room. In condition 1 a emerged holding a pen and with grease on his hands and in condition 2 it was a more heated discussion and a man emerged holding a paper knife with his hands covered in blood. When asked to identify the man from 50 pictures 49% was accurate in condition 1 when 33% was accurate in condition 2. Meaning weapon may have distracted attention from the person holding it.
- 35What is a study to support that age has an effect on EWT?compared primary school and college students in their ability to correctly identify a target individual following a slide sequence of a mock crime. In a photo identification task, child witnesses had a higher rate.
- 36What is a study proving that a delay effects EWT?When the delay between 'incident' and identification was short (35min), there was no difference in the accuracy between young (16-33) and old (60-82) but when the identification task was delayed by a week the older witnesses were significantly less accurate.
- 37What is a study for own-age bias?Participants from three different age groups was shown 24 pictures which was then added to another 24. When having to recall the original picture young and middle aged people was significantly more accurate.
- 38Who created the cognitive interview?Fisher & Geiselman
- 39What is the Cognitive interview?1.report everything
2. mental reinstatement of the original context
3.changing order
4.changing perspective - 40What is an evaluation study for the cognitive interview?A meta-analysis of 53 studies found an increase of 34% in the amount of correct information generated in the CI compared with standard interviewing techniques.
- 41What are strategies for memory improvement?1.Loci
2. verbal mnemonic
3.visual mnemonic - 42What is Loci?remember something like the working memory model you imagine a through a familiar place e.g. house and try to make links with each room with each component of the model
- 43What consists of verbal mnemonics?1. An acronym e.g. ROY G. BIV
2.An acrostic is a poem or sentence where the first letter in each line form an item to be remembered.
3. Rhymes are groups of words with an identity and rhythm e.g. using a tune of a song to make a new one.
4. Chunking involves dividing a long string of information into memorable chunks. - 44What is a study into verbal mnemonics?From a survey of psychology students revising for final exams discovered that 30% was using mnemonics in their revision.
- 45What is research on visual mnemonics?training in use of mnemonics has long term memory benefits for older adults especially those who continued to employ this technique after training.
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- A level Psychology (Cognitive Psychology ) Karteikarten am Memory, erstellt von chloe oconnor am 21/04/2015.
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- chloe oconnor
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