Karteikarten
Attachment
Karten in diesem Stapel (38)
- 1What is a key study in attachment?Lorenz- animals aren't born with a ready image of this mothers. He divided a gooses eggs and left half with them and took half with him which where placed in an incubator. When the eggs hatched the first living thing they saw was Lorenz and started to follow him around. To test the effect he marked them and re-joined them with the other goslings and their mother but when Lorenz walked away the goslings followed.
- 2What is the definition of attachment?an affectional tie that one person forms between them self and another specific one.
- 3What is learning theory of attachment?It proposes that all behaviour is learned rather than inborn. it is either learned through operant or classical.
- 4What is a classical conditioning? and what study supports it?It involves learning through association- Pavlov dogs proves this- he recorded how much saliva was produced each time they fed. The dogs salivated as soon as the door was opened therefor the dogs associated the sound of the door with food- learning a stimulated response.
- 5How can Classical conditioning explain attachment?food (unconditioned stimulus) produces pleasure (unconditioned reflex.) The person who feeds ( conditioned stimulus) the infant because associated with the food; the sense of pleasure is the attachment bond.
- 6What is operant conditioning?Learning occurs when we are rewarded for doing something- each time you do something it becomes a pleasant consequence and the behaviour is reinforced.
- 7What is are the strengths to learning theory?It provides an adequate explanation of how attachment is formed
- 8What are the weaknesses of Learning theory?It is believed by many that food is the key role to attachment but this can be proved wrong by Harlow- he noticed that monkey became severely stressed when their cages where getting cleaned. It appeared that the monkeys had formed an attachment with the sanitary pad at the bottom of the cages and it as a security blanket. So Harlow created two electronic mothers one feeding a bottle and one with a blanket. The monkeys should have spent most time with the lactating mother instead of the soft cloth.
- 9What is Bowlby's Theory?It is an evolutionary theory- he believes that attachment is a behavioural system that has evolved because of survival and reproductive value. Bowlby said that attachment is an innate drive to become attached to a care giver.
- 10What is a sensitive period?it is a limited window to form an attachment. Bowlby suggests that the second quarter of the first year is when an infant is most sensitive to attachment.
- 11How is care giving adaptive?Infants are born with certain characteristics called social releasers which elicit care giving- these include smiling and crying. This provides protection and thereby enhance survival.
- 12What is a secure base?Attachment is this as it offers protection meaning the child can explore the world and have a safe haven to return to when threatened.
- 13What is monotropy and hierarchy?Monotropy is the bias towards one individual, the primary attachment. The hierarchy is the secondary attachment figure.
- 14What is the internal working model?The relationship between a caregiver and infant may be one of trust or of uncertainty and inconsistency and creates expectations about what all relationships will be like. Gradually the infant develops a model about emotional relationships- internal working model.
- 15What is the continuity hypothesis?the view that there is a link between the early attachment relationship and later emotional behavior.
- 16What are the strengths of attachment?1. Lorenz study proves care giving is innate.
2.Hodges and Tizard proves the sensitive period
3.it can be generalised universally as it is proved by the African tribe - 17What is a limitation to attachment?Many psychologists hold the view that all attachment figures are equally important.
- 18What are the two types of attachment?Secure and insecure attachment
- 19What was the aim of the strange situation?The strange situation is to be able to test the nature of attachment systematically. The aim was to see how infants between 9 and 18 months behave under conditions of mild stress. the stranger creates the stress of the baby and the separation from a caregiver. This tests stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
- 20What was the strange situation?1. parent and infant play
2.parent sits while infant plays
3.stranger enters and talks to parent
4.parent leave, infant plays, stragner offers comfort if needed
5. parent returns, greets infant, offers comfort if needed; stranger leaves.
6. parent leaves, infant alone
7. stranger enters and offers comfort
8. parent returns greets infant, offers comfort.
Information is recorded every 15 seconds. Observers notes any behaviors and its intensity 1-7. They combined the data from several studies to make a total of 106 middle-class infants. The children where separated into 4 different groups: Secure attachment-62%-harmonious and cooperative
Insecure-avoidant -15%-avoid social interaction and intimacy with others
Insecure-resistant-9%- they seek and reject intimacy and social interaction.
Disorganised-15%- which is a lack of consistent patterns of behavior. - 21What are the effects of attachment type?"love quiz" in a newspaper and asked questions about early experiences, about current love experiences and attitudes towards love. They found that securely attached adults had positive relationships and trusted other to believe in love
- 22What are the factors influencing attachment type?Sensitivity- Ainsworth found key group differences in maternal score in the strange situation: 1.mothers of securely attached infants were more sensitive, accepting, cooperative and accessible
2. Mothers of insecurely attached infants were more unresponsive to crying and less afeetionate
3.mothers of avoidant infants were more rejecting, paid less attention to infants when entering the room
4. Mothers of resistant infants tended to be occupied with routine activities when holding the infant. - 23Why is culture an issue with attachment?Bowlby suggests that it is innate and biological so the culture shouldn't effect how attachment is formed.
- 24What is a study to support cross-cultural similarities?The african tribe & infnats studied who was raised in israeli who spent most of their time being cared for in a communal children's home by metaplot. Attachment was tested in the strange situation with either the metepelt or mother. The infants appeared equally attached to both craegivers.
- 25What is a study to support cross-cultural differences?Found german infant found that they are most insecurely attached which may be due to child practices. German culture involves keeping some interpersonal distance between parent and child so infants do not engage in proximity-seeking.
- 26What is a critism on cultureculture bias= america and japan
the sensitive hypothesis- america= autonomy japan= dependance
the continuity hypothesis meaning japan's children competence is represented by the inhibitor of emotion expressed and bieng grouporientated rather than self orientated. - 27conclusion to the critism of attachment?maternal sensitivity and manifestations of secure base behaviour may vary across cultures but the core concepts are universal.
- 28What are the effects of disruption?research has found that 100 normal children who were placed in institution became severely depressed with in a few months.
- 29What is some research into children and brief separation?John was placed in a residential nursery for nine days while his mother was having a baby. his father visited regularly. first two days john was normal. his efforts to gain attention from other burses wasn't enough against other children so he seeked attention from an oversized teddy bear. when this didn't satisfy him he refused food and drink and start to break down and nurses constantly change shift so there was no constant care. when returned to his mother he screams and struggles to get away from her and months later still lashes out in bursts of anger.
- 30What is some research conducted into maintaining emotional bonds?Jane Lucy Kate and Thomas were all under three years of age when placed in foster care. Routines where kept similar to those at home and they had regular visits from fathers. Kate was taken to hospital to see her mother and was much more settled after this but overall they all slept well and did not reject their mothers when reunited.
- 31What does the role of triggers effect in attachment?Bifulco studied 249 women who had lost mothers through separation or death before they were 17. This group was twice as likely to suffer from anxiety and depressive disorders when the children became adults-suggesting adults become more vulnerable when attachment has been disrupted and if triggered later in life they can gain depressive disorders.
- 32What is the difference between day care and institution?Day Care is temporary care which is usually takes place outside of the home. Institutional care is like fosters and community homes it isn't temporary for some.
- 33What is the key study for aggression as an impact of day care?The EPPE study- European study longitudinal study of young children's development between ages 3 and 7, 3000 children was looked at and looked at the background characteristics of the child (home environment.) They found that children who spent longer in day care were rated by teachers as showing evidence of being antisocial and being aggressive.
- 34What is a study that represents the impact of day care and peer relations?researcher found that the amount of time spent in full-time day care was positively correlated to the number of friends children had once gone to school.
- 35Evaluating study that concludes that day care has no effect?Clarke-Stewart concluded that, while day care programmes had some direct effects on development they clearly were not operating alone.
- 36How has attachment influenced the improving of day care?In London they have opened a day care influenced upon attachment and have made sure each child is ensured close emotional relationships
- 37How has attachment influenced the care for children in hospital?When children experience physical separation from primary attachment figures they allow more visiting hours.
- 38How has attachment influenced adoption?People now have to leave their child with in the first week of giving birth to the child.
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- A level Psychology (Developmental Psychology: early social development ) Karteikarten am Attachment , erstellt von chloe oconnor am 27/04/2015.
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- chloe oconnor
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