Karteikarten
Memory
Karten in diesem Stapel (21)
- 1Define encodingChanging information so it can be stored
- 2How much does the short term memory hold?Holds approx 7 +/- 2 units for less than a minute, mainly acoustic encoding
- 3How much does the long term memory hold?Potentially unlimited, duration can be years, mainly semantic encoding
- 4Describe and evaluate a study on the multi store modelPETERSON AND PETERSON
A- see if rehearsal is necessary to hold information in STM
M- given sets of 3 letters and immediately asked to count back in 3s for different lengths of time, then asked to recall letters
R- participants had forgotten virtually all letters after 18 seconds
C- cannot hold memory in STM unless rehearsed
E- lacks ecological validity, not everything needs to be rehearsed, phone numbers number plates - 5What are the three levels of processing?Structural - visual features of words, eg. if it's in upper case or not (shallow)
Phonetic - how the word sounds (middle)
Semantic - meanings of the words (deep) - 6Describe and evaluate a study on levels of processingCRAIK AND LOCKHART
A- see if type of word has an effect of number of words recalled
M- given a list of words and asked questions on them with answers of yes or no, some were structural, phonetic and semantic, then given longer list and asked to pick out words that they answered questions about
R- 70% of semantic words recalled, 35% phonetic and 15% structural
C- the more deeply informations processed the more likely it'll be remembered
E- only yes or no, memory doesn't work like this irl - 7Describe and evaluate a study on reconstructive memory with unfamiliar situationsBARTLETT
A- see if people who were given unfamiliar information to remember would alter it
M- asked to read 'The War of the Ghosts' and were asked to retell it later as accurately as possible, repeated 7 times
R- Found it difficult to remember parts about spirits and changed it so it made sense to them, changed more when retold, some: missed out details and added new ones, emphasised some parts, changed the order
C- our memory fills in gaps because of our beliefs (schemas) - 8Describe and evaluate a study on reconstructive memory and familiar situationsWYNN AND LOGIE
A- see if familiar stories changed in the same way Bartlett found
M- asked university students to recall their first week and done several times throughout the year
R- the accuracy of the descriptions stayed the same no matter how many times asked
C- memories for familiar events wont change over time
E- difficult to measure accuracy - 9What is retroactive interference?When new information learnt stops us from recalling information previously learnt
- 10What is proactive interferencewhen information we've already learnt stops us from recalling the new information we are trying to learn
- 11Describe and evaluate a study on interferenceUNDERWOOD AND POSTMAN
A- to see if new learning interferes with previous learning
M- divided into 2 groups, group A learned words in pains then asked to learn a second list of pairs, group B were only asked to learn the first list
R- group B recall of first list was more accurate than group A
C- new learning interferes with participants ability to recall the first list - 12Describe and evaluate a study on contextGODDEN AND BADDELEY
A- see if people who learn and are tested in the same environment recall more info than those who don't
M- had 4 groups, 2 learnt underwater, 1 tested on land and 2 learnt on land and 1 tested on land
R- the two groups who stayed in the same context recalled 40% more words than the others
C- recall will be better if it happens in the same context - 13What is anterograde amnesiaUnable to learn new information after brain damage
- 14Describe a research study on anterograde amnesiaORNSTEIN, THOMPSON AND MACAULAY
HM suffered epileptic fits, and underwent surgery to stop it, his epilepsy stopped but because the hippocampus was removed he had anterograde amnesia, HM's STM was normal but couldn't transfer information to his LTM - 15What is retrograde amnesia?Where you can't remember any thing that happened before brain damage
- 16Describe a research study on retrograde amnesiaRUSSELL AND NATHAN
case study of a 22 year old who feel off his motorbike and banged his head and suffered severe concussion, x-rays showed no fracture but he couldn't recall any events for two years prior to the accident - 17Describe and evaluate a study on leading questionsLOFTUS AND PALMER
A- test in leading questions effect recall
M- split participants into 3 groups, one control, and watched a film of a traffic crash, when asked some people heard the verb 'smash' and others 'crash' and then they were asked how fast they thought the car was going
R- hit - 34mph, smash - 41mph
C- leading questions affect accuracy of recall
E- video, not ecologically valid - 18Describe a study on unfamiliar faces as EWTBRUCE AND YOUNG
A- see if familiarity affects the accuracy of identifying faces
M- psychology lectures were seen at the entrance by security camera, and participants were asked to identify the faces seen from a series of high quality photos
R- lecturers students made more correct identifications than other students and experienced police officers
C- previous familiarity helps when identifying faces - 19Describe and evaluate a study on context and EWTGEISELMAN ET AL
A- to see if reinstating the context of and event will affect the accuracy of account
M- participants were shown a video of a violent crime, 2 days later they were interviewed and for half the context was recreated during the interview, other half had standard police techniques
R- participants who had context recreated recalled more accurate facts than others about the violent crime
C- recreating context during interviews increases accuracy of recall (cognitive interview) - 20Describe and evaluate a study on factors that affect Eye Witness TestimonyALLPORT AND POSTMAN
M- shown a cartoon of a black and white man on a subway train and asked to recall the picture after
R- most recalled that the black man had the razor in his hand (it was actually in the white mans) so stereotype is more prone to violence
C- when an actual perceptual fact doesn't match our expectations, we trust our expectations more than the real situation - 21Describe and evaluate a study on stereotypes and memoryCOHEN
A- to see if stereotypes can affect memory
M- participants were shown a video of a man and women eating, half were told that the woman was a waitress, other half were told she was a librarian. Later they were asked to describe her behaviour and personality
R- the two groups gave entirely different descriptions that match the descriptions of a waitress and librarian
C- stereotypes affect the accuracy of accounts of people
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Memory, erstellt von emily-kenning am 30/05/2015.
- Erstellt von
- emily-kenning
- Aufrufe
- 1
- Bewertung