Karteikarten
Memory: Coding, Capacity and Duration of Memory
Karten in diesem Stapel (8)
- 1Coding Definition Coding for STM Coding for LTMThe format in which information is stored in the various memory stores
Acoustic (sounds)
Semantic (meanings) - 2Capacity Definition Capacity for STM Capacity for LTMThe amount of information that can be held in a memory store
7+-2
Unlimited - 3Duration Definition Duration for STM Duration for LTMThe length of time information can be held in memory
Between 18 and 30 seconds
Up to a lifetime - 4Short Term Memory Long Term MemoryThe limited capacity memory store
The permanent memory store - 5RESEARCH ON CODING Alan Baddley gave different lists to four groups of participants to remember: Group 1: acoustically similar (cat, cab) Group 2: acoustically dissimilar Group 3: semantically similar Group 4: semantically dissimilar Results: Participants were shown the list and had to recall the words immediately (STM). Did worse with Group 1. Then asked to recall the list after 20 mins. Did worse with semantically similar words. Suggests that information in LTM is coded according to meaning, as information with similar meanings conflicted with each other.Evaluation:
Limitation: Used artificial stimuli rather than meaningful stuff. Word lists had no personal meaning. Has limited application to real life situations. Lacked external validity. - 6RESEARCH ON CAPACITY Jacobs developed a technique to measure digit span. Gives 4 digits, recalls them, then 5 digits and so on until they can't recall correctly. Mean span for digits: 9.3. Miller noted everything came in 7: days, musical notes. Suggests span is about 7 items. Also noted that people can recall 5 words as well as 5 letters by chunking.Evaluation:
Limitation: Lacked validity as conducted a long time ago and early research lacked adequate control. Some participants may have been distracted so didnt perform good. Results might not be valid as there were confounding variables that arent controlled.
Limitation: Overestimated STM capacity. Cowan reviewed other research and said it was 4 chunks. Suggests 5 items is more appropriate than 7 items. - 7RESEARCH ON DURATION STM: Peterson tested 24 undergraduates and each student took part in 8 trials. Each trials they were given a consonant syllable to remember and 3 digit number to count back in threes. This is to prevent mental rehearsal of the consonant syllable. Each trial they were told to stop after 3,6,9,12,15,18 secs: retention interval. Results: shorter the retention interval, the higher the correct response. Suggests STM has a short duration unless we repeat something over and over again.Evaluation:
Limitation: meaningless stimuli and artificial material. Memorising consonant syllables doesn't reflect real life activities where we try to remember meaningful stuff. Lacked external validity. However we remember phone numbers so it isn't totally irrelevant. - 8RESEARCH ON DURATION LTM: Bahrick studied 392 participants from Ohio aged 17-74. Tested on their 1)photo recognition from high school year books, 50 photos and 2) free recall test where they recalled all the names of their graduating class. Results: Participants who were tested 15 years of graduation were 90% accurate in 1). After 48 years, 70% accurate in 1). After 15 years, 60% accurate in 2) and after 48 years, 30% accurate in 2).Evaluation:
Strength: High external validity. Real life meaningful memories were studied.
Limitation of this: Confounding variables aren't controlled such as the fact that the participants may have looked at their yearbook photos and rehearsed their memory over the years.
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- A level Memory Karteikarten am Memory: Coding, Capacity and Duration of Memory, erstellt von Christolin Calistas am 25/03/2021.
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- Christolin Calistas
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