Karteikarten
Unit 1 Identification
Karten in diesem Stapel (49)
- 1Clovis I-first Merovingian King
-Name evolved to Ludovicus--> Louis
-policy of murdering all possible rivals
-ruled over a kingdom larger than modern day France
-Pagan, until he took a Christian wife; then considered Christianity a magic to help him win battles
***First Germanic Catholic King*** - 2MerovingiansA dynasty of Franks that established themselves in France and ruled for over 200 years
-important person is Clovis I
-during the time of Germanic tribes in Europe
-divided royal authority & land among aristocrats and sons, eventually leaving them with little power and land (as the aristocrats now had it all) - 3CarolingiansA family of the Austrian territory that took over ruling France after the Merovingians
- 4Charles MartelCarolingian that led an army to defeat a Muslim invasion in tours
-succeeded by his son Pepin - 5Pepin the Short-Carolingian who got permission from the pope to dismiss the current Carolingian from office (a deal was struck)
-was in debt to the papacy because of this, so he fought Germanic tribes and captured lands for the papacy - 6Charlemagne-son & heir of Pepin the short
-had vast lands so counts and dukes could govern in his name
-promoted the idea that he was God's representative on earth
-crowned Emporer of the Romans by Pope Leo III
-Extended Christian civilization into N. Europe
-Set up strong, efficient governments & a royal library and school
-Succeeded by his son Louis, after whom came the Treaty of Verdun
-empire broken apart by vikings & Treaty - 7Treaty of Verdun-split up Charlemagne's empire among his 3 grandsons after Louis (Charlemagne's son) ruled
- 8Noblethe landholders of principalities within kingdoms
- 9Vassalwithin each noble household was a group of *military retainers* known as vassals
-later known as knights - 10fiefestate held on the terms that nights and nobles will return another service to a greater lord (typically in the military)
- 11feudalismthe economic and societal system of the Middle Ages that relied on fiefs, vassals, and peasants
- 12chivalrycode of conduct for knights that required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word, as well as fight fairly
- 13troubadourssang about brave knights and their devotion to their loves
- 14villageconsisted of a population of peasant families, living in a cluster, surrounded by their fields
- 15manoran artificial unit, controlled by a single lord (could be a king, nobeleman, or churchman with numerous manors)
-often geographically identical to a village BUT ONE MANOR COULD INTO TWO OR MORE VILLAGES
-most were self-sufficient - 16serfs-made up most of the population, bound to their lord and the land
- 17Eleanor of Acquitane-one of the wealthiest and most powerful women of the Middle Ages
-first married Louis VII, heir to the French throne, but then the marraige was annulled --> **free to make own choices**
-soon after, married Henry, Duke of Anjou, soon to be Henry II of England
-Son, Richard the Lion-Heart succeeded Henry as King & she acted as regent when he was on the Third Crusade
-great patroness of troubadours and other literary figures - 18Sacramentsthe sacred rites of the church
- 19Papal supremacyauthority claimed by Popes over all secular rulers b/c they were God's representatives on Earth
-played part in lay investiture controversy
-remember that the pope crowned the Holy Roman Emperor - 20Canon LawChurch's body of laws that governed many aspects of life - including wills, marriages, and morals
-anyone who disobeyed could be punished - 21Interdictan order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving most sacraments & a Christian burial
-When faced with interdict, rulers would then have a revolt from the people - so pretty much all rulers gave in before facing this - 22Benedictine Rule1.obedience to abbot/abbess who headed monastery/convent
2. poverty
3. chastity/purity
*developed by Abbot Berno in an effort to reform the structured Church - 23William the ConquerorENGLAND. Duke of Normandy who claimed King Edward of Eng. had left him the throne but had to eventually win it in battle.
-took a complete CENSUS of he country to create the DOOMSDAY book, which allowed for more effective taxing, and blended French and English cultures - 24Henry IIENGLAND. An English, well-educated king who expanded the royal court and therefore royal powers
-set COMMON LAW by accepting the normal custom
-claimed right to try clergy in his courts, which led to tension between him and Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury --> his knights eventually murdered Thomas Becket - 25common lawA legal system based on custom and court rulings developed during the reign of Henry II that applied all throughout England
**unity** - 26John IENGLAND. An English ruler who lost in struggles with King Phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III and his own nobles --> result: had to give up royal lands to France and recognize England as a fief of the papacy & pay a yearly fee to Rome
-disagreement with Pope Innocent III was over who should be Bishop of Canterbury
-his own nobles grew angry with the *oppressive taxes** and forced him to sign the MAGNA CARTA - 27Magna CartaENGLAND. A great charter that John I was forced to sign that...
1. asserted the nobles of Eng had certain rights
2. declared that even the monarch had to obey the law
-also protected from unfair taxing & arbitrary arrest
-laid groundwork for rest of Eng and American gov - 28Great Council/ParliamentThe group of English advisers that grew after the development of the Magna Carta
As Parliament grew larger, Eng became more unified and more ppl had representation
-House of Lords (nobles + clergy) and House of Commons (knights + middle class) - 29Hugh CapetFRENCH. count of Paris ELECTED by nobles to fill the vacant French throne
-elected bc of such little power - posed no threat
-increased royal power by: (a) making the throne hereditary (b) adding to lands by playing powerful nobles against one another (c) winning the support of the Church (d) building an effective bureaucracy - 30Philip AugustusFRENCH. A king of France
-appointed middle class to fulfill gov positions, winning their support
-introduced a national tax
-granted many charters
-QUADRUPLED ROYAL LAND HOLDINGS - 31Louis IXFRENCH. a deeply religious King of France who persecuted Jews & heretics
-led French knights into 2 wars
-declared a Saint by Church
-sent out roving officials to check on admin.
-expanded royal courts
-outlawed private wars
-ended serfdom - 32Otto Ibecame King of Germany by WORKING CLOSELY WITH CHURCH (appointed bishops to some top gov positions, used an army to help defeat rebellious Roman nobles)
-Pope declared him Holy Roman Empire - 33Concordat of WormsA treaty that solved lay investiture conflict:
-Church had the sole authority to elect and invest Bishops with spiritual authority
-Emperor still had power to invest them w/fiefs - 34Lay investiturethe practice were the emperor or other lay person invested or presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office
-controversy occurred between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII - 35Frederick Barbarossa (red beard)-holy roman emperor
-brought wealthy Italian cities under his rule by arranging the marriage between his son Henry and Constance, heiress to Sicily and S. Italy (did this after failing in battle)
-grandson Frederick II was raised in Sicily and tried & failed to conquer Italy
-Holy Roman Empire survived but remained a patchwork of feudal states - 36Who was lay investiture controversy betwenPope Gregory VII and Henry IV
- 37CrusadesA series of wars that began in 1096 in which Christians battled Mursims for control over land in Middle East
1st- Christian knights captured Jerusalem and celebrated by massacring Muslims
4th-Christians end up fighting other Christians - 38Holy Land---- see notes
- 39Pope Urban IIurged bishops and nobles to encourage knights and anyone who was willing to go on the First Crusade, after Byz Emp asked Pope Urban II to send Christian knights to fight
-motives: increase power, unite Roman and Byz churches over common enemy - 40first crusadeonly one that came close to achieving goals; see notes
- 41marco polo--see notes
- 42reconquistasee notes
- 43ferdinand and isabellainquisition, reconquista, see notes
- 44scholasticismmethod used by Christian scholars that used reason to support Christian beliefs
- 45Thomas Aquinaswrote Summa Theologica; Concluded that both faith and reason point to the truth that faith and reason exist in harmony
- 46vernacularlang of common ppl; used when they started writing down oral traditions
- 47Dante AlighieriDivine Comedy- trip through hell and purgatory; pps actins detemine their fate in the afterlife
- 48Geoffery ChaucerCanterbury Tales
-pilgrims travelling to Thomas Beckett's tomb - 49Joan of Arc17 year old peasant woman who claimed that God sent her to save France, so she led French troops to surprising success for 1 year until she was taken captive and burned at stake by english
-later made Saint by Church
-raised moral & considered a martyr
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Unit 1: The Early and Late Middle Ages
- Erstellt von
- Katie Harmeyer
- Aufrufe
- 17
- Tags
- Bewertung