Karteikarten
Gorbachev + the end of the Cold War
Karten in diesem Stapel (24)
- 1GORBACHEV + COMMUNISM:> Gorbachev oversaw end of Cold War, fall of Berlin Wall + end of communism in Russia.
> Was never his intention to undermine communism but hoped to rescue/protect communism. - 2GORBACHEV'S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE WEST:> Gorbachev= little foreign policy experience.
> At first= viewed relationship with USA in simplistic terms.
> E.G. At 1st after 1st meeting with Reagan (1985)= believed he was extremely primitive. - 3CAUSE OF GORBACHEV'S 'NEW THINKING': - PROBLEMS COMMUNISM IN SU FACED:>SU economy= weaker than USA's. America = excellent standard of living whereas USSR= dominated by shortages.
E.G. Housewives in Moscow= queued up for 5hrs to get packet of sausages.
> Many SU people lost faith in Communist Party. - 4GORBACHEV'S 'NEW THINKING':> His plan to revive communism= radical programme of reform:
PERESTROIKA (Restructuring): Economic reforms designed= SU economy becomes more efficient.
GLASNOST (Openness): Censorship of press to be relaxed.
> Believed perestroika + glasnost= strengthen power of Soviet Communist Party.
> He was very slow to allow democratic elections in Russia. - 5STRENGTHS + WEAKNESSES OF USA:STRENGTHS:
> Excellent computer + space tech
> Highly equipped conventional military forces
> Growing economy
WEAKNESSES:
> Fewer nuclear missiles than USSR - 6STRENGTHS + WEAKNESSES OF USSR:STRENGTHS:
> Warsaw Pact allies.
> Greater number of nuclear missiles than USA.
WEAKNESSES:
> Committed to expensive war in Afghan.
> Failing economy.
> Old-fashioned tech. - 7GENEVA SUMMIT (1985):> First meeting between Reagan + Gorbachev= Geneva.
> Reagan's aim for conference= persuade Gorbachev= wanted peace between superpowers.
> Gorbachev's aim= persuade Reagan to drop plans for SDI despite being in weaker position.
> Gorbachev= keen to establish working relationship with Reagan SO prior to meeting sacked Soviet foreign minister Gromyko + Appointed Shevardnadze= signalled end to aggressive foreign policy by Gromyko.
> Geneva meeting= significant= 2 leaders able to talk + develop personal relationship BUT no arms control reached. - 8REYKJAVIK MEETING (1986):> More ambitious meeting.
> Reagan proposed scrapping all ballistic nuclear missiles.
> BUT Gorbachev= unwilling to agree to proposals as Reagan refused to drop SDI project. - 9REAGAN + CONCILIATION:> Saw Public= against Arms race.
> Arms Race= cost a lot for USA + didn't want to display USA in negative light.
> 1984= Reagan stopped using phrases like 'evil empire' + used phrases like 'mutual compromise'.
> Widespread approval for Gorbachev + changes in USSR. Enthusiasm for Gorbachev's reforms= 'Gorbymania'.
> Gorbachev= 1st ruler of USSR= gained significant public approval in USA.
> Reagan got along well with Gorbachev + believed that he wanted reforms in USSR + end to Cold War.
> When Reagan tried for détente= made sure got publicity right. E.G. When he + Gorbachev met= ensured their wives got along. - 10INF TREATY:>After Reykjavik meeting= American + Soviet diplomats continued to try + draft arms-reduction treaty= INF treaty signed in 1987.
> Treaty eliminated all nuclear missiles within range of 500-5500km.
> Treaty=significant= 1st treaty to reduce number of nuclear missiles that superpowers possessed.
> During next 4yrs both sides destroyed 100s of missiles + strict procedures were placed= task inspectors to ensure treaty was followed. - 11WHY DID GORBACHEV SIGN THE INF TREATY?> Gorbachev saw nuclear weapons= highly expensive + added nothing to Soviet security.
> Reagan persuaded Gorbachev= USA had no intention to invade USSR.
> Gorbachev realised Soviet economy wouldn't recover if they kept spending money on nuclear weapons.
> He believed disarmament= win him popularity in West= make profitable trade between USSR + West.
> Believed political + economic measures= more effective in guaranteeing Russia's security than military strength. - 12SUMMIT CONFERENCE IN MOSCOW (1988):> They agreed to work towards disarmament for nuclear + conventional arms.
> It eased tensions created by Afghan + opened way to arguments that took place after Reagan's presidency. - 13THE MALTA SUMMIT (1989):> Meeting between George Bush + Gorbachev.
> Meeting started work on agreements that were to be CFE (1990) + START 1(1991): - 14THE CFE AGREEMENT (1990):> Signed by Bush + gorbachev.
> Set limits to non-nuclear forces that Warsaw Pact + NATO could have in Europe.
> Negotiations began in 1989 but process became difficult= USSR beginning to break up. E.G. Hungary= part of Warsaw Pact when negotiations began but left by event of treat being signed. - 15START 1 (1991):> Signed by Bush + Gorbachev.
> Both sides agreed to reduce holdings of nuclear warheads by about a third= destroying them.
> Also agreed= both sides continue reducing.
> Didn't agree on all kinds of nuclear weapons - 16GORBACHEV'S ATTITUDES TO EASTERN EUROPE:> 1998= Announced that ideology should play smaller role in Soviet foreign affairs= USSR= wouldn't favour trade with communist states over capitalist countries.
> Wanted Eastern European states to enjoy perestroika + glasnost.
> Withdrew SU troops from Eastern European bases= save money. - 17BREAK- UP OF EASTERN BLOC:> Gorbachev still wanted to continue to strengthen communism by reform not weaken its control in Eastern Europe.
> Once reforms started in Eastern Bloc= unable to contain it.
> Before= Eastern Bloc relied on SU army= prop up pro-Moscow regimes.
> Wouldn't be 2nd invasion in Hungary/Czechoslovakia= Eastern European gov= weakened. - 18THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL (Nov 9 1989):> Symbolised end of Cold War.
> East Germany= slow to embrace perestroika + glasnost + even banned Russian publication during 1980S= too liberal BUT communist gov= unable to contain public's desire for freedom once neighbouring states abandoned communism. - 19THE FALL OF THE BERLIN RESULT (Nov 9 1989):> As soon as democratic elections announced in Hungary= Large amount of East Germans- through Hungary to West Germany= Forced East German gov to announce greater freedom of travel for East German citizens= allowed to cross border with West Berlin.
> Thousands of East Berliners flooded check post + urged for entry in West Berlin.
> Berlin wall= fallen + many people reunited with friends + families.
> Opening of Berlin wall= 1st step towards reunification of Germany. - 20THE END OF THE WARSAW PACT: (1991)> Eastern Bloc disintegrated= unlikely that Warsaw Pact would survive.
> Was an alliance= united communist states in Eastern Europe against capitalist states in West.
> Pact no longer served any purpose= Poland, Hungary then East Germany= rejected communism.
> Warsaw Pact officially ended in 1991. - 21SOVIET REACTION TO THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL:> Gorbachev widely respected for willingness to reform + break-up of Eastern Europe due to his policies.
> SU= Treated with suspicion= leaders of Communist party believed perestroika + glasnost weakened communism NOT revived it. - 22SOVIET REACTION TO THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL: ' GANG OF EIGHT':> Group of senior communist gov officials= 'Gang of Eight'= removed Gorbachev from power.
> Gorbachev prevented from returning to Moscow.
> Gov declared state of emergency= reversed effects of perestroika + glasnost (freedom).
> New gov goal= restore power of SU + secure future of communist gov.
> New gov= lasted 3 days + Yeltsin= pres of SU defeated 'Gang of Eight'.
> Yeltskin= Described new gov= 'illegal' + called on people of Moscow- resist regime. - 23GORBACHEV'S FINAL DAYS AS THE PRESIDENT + FALL OF SU:> August= Gorbachev returned to Moscow + resumed position as leader of USSR + had same intentions as before ( save Soviet communism) BUT coup ( Gang of Eight) damaged Gorbachev's authority.
> Introduced new constitution= designed to Soviet republics e.g. Latvia + Ukraine= greater independence BUT leaders of those countries didn't want greater independence= constitution never accepted.
> Gorbachev resigned as pres in 1991= end of Cold War. - 24THE END OF COLD WAR:> George Bush declared end of Cold War in Malta Summit= 1989.
> Communism= undefeated + coup raised tensions between East + West.
> Baltic states e.g. Latvia= became independent in 1990 + USSR accepted this in 199= copy-cat demands within SU.
> Fall of SU= ended ideological battle between East + West.
> Dissolution of SU= superpower conflict ended= America- only superpower.
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- GCSE History (Cold War) Karteikarten am Gorbachev + the end of the Cold War, erstellt von Tasnim Quddus am 07/04/2016.
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