Karteikarten
Research Methods
Karten in diesem Stapel (38)
- 1AimA statement of what the researcher intends to investigate
- 2HypothesisA statement of what the researcher believes to be true
Directional Hypothesis (one-tailed)
Non-Directional Hypothesis (two-tailed) - 3Experimental methodInvolves manipulation of an independent variable to measure the effect on the dependent variable
- 4Laboratory Experimentcontrolled environment
+ Variables can be controlled
+ Can be replicated
- Lacks generalisability
-Demand characteristics - 5Natural ExperimentIV is not manipulated
+ Greater external validity
- Rare
- Pp's may not be randomly allocated - 6Field ExperimentNatural setting where IV is manipulated
+ Higher mundane realism
- Extraneous variables
- Ethical issues - 7Quasi-ExperimentIV based on pre-existing difference between people
+ Variables can be controlled
- Confounding variables - 8Opportunity SamplePeople who are available
+ Quick method
- Unrepresentative sample - 9Volunteer SampleSelf Selecting sample
+ Pp's are willing
- Biased sample- generalisation limited - 10Random SampleEvery person in target population has equal chance of being selected
+ Unbiased sample
- Representation not guaranteed - 11Systematic Samplepp's selected using sampling frame
+ Objective, unbiased method
- Time and Effort - 12Stratified SamplePp's selected according to frequency in target population
+ Representative
- May not be representative - 13Independent groups designPp's allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition
+ No order effects
- Requires more pp's - 14Repeated measuresAll pp's take part in all conditions
+ Fewer pp's required
- Pp's may guess aim - 15Matched pairs designPp's are matched on some variables and then one member of the pair is assigned condition A and second condition B
+ No order effects
- Matching is not perfect - 16Controlling variablesExtraneous variable- variable that may effect DV but do not vary with the IV
Confounding variable- variable that may effect DV and do vary with the IV - 17Demand characteristicsPp's changing their behavior within the research situation
- 18Investigator effectsEffect of experimenters behavior on research (design, Pp selection, interaction with Pp's)
- 19OperationaliSationClearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured
- 20BiasE.g. when certain groups may be over/under represented within a sample
- 21GeneralisationExtent to which conclusions and findings can be applied to the population
- 22Ethical IssuesInformed consent
Deception
Protection from harm
Privacy/confidentiality
Withdrawal - 23Pilot StudySmall scale version of an investigation takes place before the real investigation.
Aim to check procedures, materials etc work - 24Single-blind procedureWithholding information about experimental conditions from Pp's
Attempts to control demand characteristics - 25Double-blind procedureNeither PP's nor researcher is aware of the aims
- 26ObservationsNatural/controlled
Covert- without pp's consent
Overt- with pp's consent
Participant/non-participant - 27Observational designBehavioural categories- observable, measureable components
Event sampling- recording pre-establ9ished events every time they occur
Time sampling- recording behavior in fixed time frame (every 60 secs) - 28Self report techniquesQuestionnaire- open/closed questions
Interview- structured/unstructured/semi-structured - 29CorrelationAn association between two variables (co-variables)
- 30Positive/Negative correlationPos- as one co-variable increases so does the other
Neg- as one co-variable increases the other decreases - 31Qualitative DataExpressed in words
+ Represents complexities
- Difficult to analyse - 32Quantitative DataNumerical data
+ Easier to analyse
- Oversimplifies behaviour - 33Primary DataFirst hand data collected for purpose of study
+ Fit the job
- Requires time and effort - 34Secondary DataTaken from journal articles, books, websites
+ Inexpensive
- Quality may be poor - 35Meta-analysisCombining data from a large number of studies
+ Increases validity of conclusions
- Publication bias - 36Measures of central tendencyMean- add up scores divide by total number of scores
Median- middle value in set of arranged data
Mode- most frequently occurring score/value - 37Measures of DispersionRange- lowest value-highest value+1
Standard Deviation- differences between the mean and each score is added and divided by number of scores - 38Skewed DistributionsDistributions that lean to one side or the other
Negatively skewed- to the left
Positively skewed- to the right
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- A-Level Psychology Karteikarten am Research Methods , erstellt von Urvashi Makwana am 18/05/2016.
- Erstellt von
- Urvashi Makwana
- Aufrufe
- 15
- Bewertung