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Memory

Steph M PSY1EFP Mid-Semester Exams Englisch 65 Karten

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  1. 1MemoryThe nervous system's capacity to retain and retrieve skills and knowledge
  2. 2EncodingThe processing of information so that it can be stored
  3. 3StorageThe retention of encoded representations over time
  4. 4ConsolidationThe neural process by which encoded information becomes stored in memory
  5. 5RetrievalThe act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed
  6. 6Long-term Potentiation (LTP)Strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons
  7. 7EngramThe physical site of memory storage
  8. 8EquipotentialityThe idea that memory is distributed throughout the brain rather than confined to any specific location
  9. 9HDAC (histone deacetylases)A class of enzymes which inhibit gene expression, and the blocking of HDAC may increase memory and LTP. HDAC serves as a molecular "brake pad", which has to be released for memory to occur
  10. 10NMDA ReceptorMemory results from learned associations that come about through the firing of nearby neurons, at least one of which fires thanks to its NMDA receptor
  11. 11Medial Temporal LobesAre responsible for the formation of new memories
  12. 12ReconsolidationNeural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for retrieval
  13. 13Sensory MemoryA memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form
  14. 14Iconic MemoryVisual sensory memory, exists for about 1/3 of a second
  15. 15Echoic MemoryAuditory sensory memory, exists for about a second
  16. 16Short-term MemoryA memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness
  17. 17Working MemoryAn active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use
  18. 18Memory SpanThe limit of short-term memory, usually 7 plus or minus 2, memory span varies among individuals
  19. 19ChunkingOrganising information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember
  20. 20Long-term MemoryThe relatively permanent storage of information
  21. 21Serial Position EffectThe idea that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle
  22. 22Primacy EffectRefers to the better memory that people have for items presented at the beginning of the list
  23. 23Recency EffectRefers to the better memory that people have for the most recent items, the ones at the end of the list
  24. 24Maintenance RehearsalSimply repeating the item over and over
  25. 25Elaborative RehearsalEncodes the information in more meaningful ways, such as thinking about the item conceptually or deciding whether it refers to oneself
  26. 26SchemasCognitive structures that help us perceive, organise, process, and use information
  27. 27Network of AssociationsA semantic network, similar concepts are connected through their associations
  28. 28NodeA unit of information in the network
  29. 29Spreading Activation ModelsAccording to these models, stimuli in working memory activate specific nodes in long-term memory
  30. 30Retrieval CueAnything that helps a person (or a nonhuman animal) recall information stored in long-term memory
  31. 31Encoding Specificity PrinicpleThe idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory for the experience
  32. 32Context-dependent MemoryA memory enhancement, when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
  33. 33State-dependent MemoryA memory enhancement, when a person's internal states match during encoding and recall, also applies to internal states brought on by drugs or alcohol
  34. 34MnemonicsLearning aids, strategies, and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues
  35. 35Method of Loci or the Memory PalaceThis mnemonic consists of associating items you want to remember with physical locations
  36. 36Implicit MemoryThe system underlying unconscious memories
  37. 37Explicit MemoryThe system underlying conscious memories
  38. 38Declarative MemoryThe cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory: knowledge that can be declared
  39. 39Episodic MemoryMemory for one's personal past experiences
  40. 40Semantic MemoryMemory for knowledge about the world
  41. 41False Fame EffectWhen names are misjudged as being famous because the name is familiar but it is from an unknown origin
  42. 42Procedural MemoryA type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioural habits
  43. 43Prospective MemoryRemembering to do something at some future time
  44. 44Methods of SavingsThe difference between the original learning and relearning, you save time and effort because of what you remember
  45. 45Seven Sins of MemoryTransience, Blocking, Absentmindedness, Persistence, Misattribution, Bias, and Suggestibility
  46. 46Transience/Memory DecayReduced memory over time
  47. 47Blocking/Retrieval FailureInability to remember needed information
  48. 48Absentmindedness/Encoding FailureReduced memory due to failing to pay attention
  49. 49PersistenceThe resurgence of unwanted or disturbing memories one would like to forget
  50. 50Source MisattributionMemory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory
  51. 51Memory BiasThe changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes
  52. 52SuggestibilityAltering a memory because of misleading information
  53. 53Proactive InterferenceInterference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information
  54. 54Retroactive InterferenceInterference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information
  55. 55Tip-of-the-Tongue PhenonmenonIn which people experience great frustration as they try to recall specific words, names, ect.
  56. 56AmnesiaA deficit in long-term memory, resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma, in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information
  57. 57Retrograde AmnesiaA condition in which people lose past memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information
  58. 58Anterograde AmnesiaA condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories
  59. 59PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)A mental health problem that can be triggered by events that threaten people or those close to them
  60. 60PropranololBlocks the postsynaptic receptors for the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, if given before or right after a traumatic experience, the hormonally enhanced memories and fear response are reduced
  61. 61Flashbulb MemoriesVivd episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event
  62. 62von Restorff EffectA distinctive event that is recalled more easily than a trivial event, even if the resulting memory is inaccurate
  63. 63Source AmnesiaA type of misattribution that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information
  64. 64Childhood AmnesiaThe absence of early episodic memories
  65. 65CryptomnesiaA type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or he has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source

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Beschreibung
Definitions relating to memory and the various memory stores
Erstellt von
Steph M · Mai 2016
Aktualisiert
1 Jun 2016
Aufrufe
21
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