Karteikarten
A.P.A.N. Chapter 1 - Three Worlds Collide
Karten in diesem Stapel (63)
- 1The Lady of CofitachequiWelcomed Hernan de Soto and Spanish conquistadors by giving them pearls from her neck and feeding them large quantities of food.
Soto and his men moved on and Cofitachequi (village) survived for over 130 more years. - 2Paleo-IndiansNomadic hunters of game and gatherers of wild plants.
Spread throughout North and South America, probably moving as bands composed of extended families. - 3Early seafarer migrantsNew archaeological evidence suggests that some parts of the Americas may have been settled earlier than 14,000 years ago by seafarers crossing from northern Europe by island-hopping from Iceland to Greenland to Baffin Island.
- 411,500 year agoPaleo-Indians were making fine stone projectile points to hunt.
- 59,000 years agoResidents of what is now Mexico began to cultivate agricultural foodstuffs: maize, squash, beans, and peppers, as well as potatoes in the Andes.
- 6Sedentary lifestyleAgricultural techniques permitted nomads to slowly gain the ability to become more sedentary, moving more infrequently.
- 7MesoamericaLarge city-states comprising of what is now Mexico and Guatemala.
- 8OlmecsEarliest major Mesoamerican civilization 3,000 years ago near the Gulf of Mexico in large cities dominated by pyramids.
- 9Mayan civilizationDeveloped on the Yucatan Peninsula in modern eastern Mexico
Build large urban centers full of pyramids and temples
Studied astronomy and created first writing system in America - 10End of Mayan civilizationBy 500 C.E. kings of Mayan city-states started to war with each other with no clear victors.
Combined with inadequate food supply, the Mayan civilization crumbled by 900 C.E. - 11TeotihuacanLargest Mesoamerican metropolis.
One of the most heavily populated areas of the world in 500 B.C.E.
Huge sprawling trading network spanning hundreds of miles. - 12Aztec historyTheir recorded histories tell of tales about the Aztec war god, Huitzilopochtli, leading them to the ruins of Teotihuacan to begin building their empire.
- 13Aztec religionSacrificed thousands of people annually.
Believed they lived int he age of the Fifth Sun.
Thirteenth Flint, a year on the Aztec calendar, was predicted to be the end of their civilization. In time, Aztecs learned the Europeans called this year 1492. - 14Paiutes and ShoshonesInhabited the Great Basin.
Land not well suited for agriculture, thus these small nomadic tribes were hunter-gatherers. - 15Chinooks & ArikarasHunted, gathered, and cultivated foodstuffs along the Missouri River valley and northeastern United States
- 16Gender in hunting societiesGenerally assigned the task of hunting large animals to men, while food preparation, clothing production, and child rearing belonged to the women
- 17Gender in agriculturally leaning societiesAgricultural labor was generally men's work for the Pueblo's, while Iroquoian languages allocated most agricultural chores to women.
- 18North Africa along Mediterranean coastBerbers (Muslims) lived here
- 19East coast of AfricaMuslim city states engaged in extensive trade with India, the Moluccas (part of modern Indonesia), and China.
Waterborne commerce passed between the Mediterranean and East Asia; the rest followed the long land route across Central Asia known as the Silk Road - 20Saharan and LibyanTwo deserts below the Mediterranean coast but north of the grassy and tropical rain forests of the mid and southern Africa land.
- 21West AfricaLand of tropical forests and savanna grasslands.
Fishing, cattle herding, and agriculture. - 22Upper GuineaNorthern part of West Africa, comprised of Rice Coast and Grain Coast.
Heavily influenced by Muslim culture of Mediterranean. - 23Rice CoastInhabitants primarily cultivated rice and fished.
- 24Grain CoastThinly populated.
Not readily accessible from the sea because it had only one good harbor.
Primarily focused on farming and raising livestock. - 25Slavery in AfricaSlaves were primarily criminals, debtors, or wartime captives (and descendants).
Generally tried to sell male prisoners of war as slaves to Europeans. - 26Adja kings of the Slave CoastEncouraged the founding of slave-trading posts and served as middlemen in the trade.
- 27Lower GuineaComprised of Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, and Slave Coast.
Dual-sex principle. - 28Dual-sex principleMen rule men, women rule women.
- 29SerfdomTied some Europeans to land, but not specific owners.
- 30Gender in EuropeNot nearly as egalitarian as the Americas or Africa.
- 31Black DeathBubonic plague spread by rats and fleas as well as human contact.
Arrived in Europe from China.
From 1346-1370 it killed about one third of Europe's population. - 32Hundred Years War (1337-1453)War between England and France during Black Death.
Interrupted overland trade routes through France that connected England to Central Asia, forcing new maritime links through the Netherlands to replace overland route. - 33Consequences of Hundred Years WarEuropean monarchs reestablished themselves.
Increased revenue through increase of taxes on peasants - 34Printing pressPrinting press and movable type invented in Germany in the 1450s made information more accessible than before
- 35Marco Polo's "Travels"First published in 1477, riding on the success of the printing press, widely distributed book that recounted his travels through 13th century China.
Described China as being bordered on the east by an ocean.
Led many to believe that could trade directly with China in oceangoing vessels instead of relying on the Silk Road. - 36European ExplorationsCraved easy access to African and Asian goods
Motivated by Christian missionary work - 37Northeast TradesWinds that blow southward along the Iberian and African coastlines.
Helpful to Spain and Portugal.
Make it easy to get down, but not get back. - 38WesterliesWinds that blow northward along the coast of North America before heading east toward Europe.
Compliment the Northeast Trades by aiding seafarers in getting back to where they came from. - 39MadeirasBy 1450s Portuguese colonists were employing slaves to grow large quantities of sugar for export to the mainland.
By 1470, developed into the world's first colonial plantation economy.
Became known as Wine Islands because much of the sugar production was used to make sweet wines - 40GuanchePeople of the Canary Islands.
Fought off the French, Portuguese and Spanish.
Fell by disease and one by one the islands fell and the remaining Guanche people were carried off to Madeiras as slaves - 41Portuguese Trading Posts in AfricaCharged traders rent and levying duties on imported goods,
African kingdoms set the terms of exchange and benefited in certain respects from the slave trade
Mutually beneficial to Europeans and Africans - 42Sao TomePreviously uninhabited, but in 1480 colonized by Portuguese.
Became first economy based primarily on bondage of black Africans. - 43Lessons of Early Colonization1) Learned how to transplant crops and livestock to exotic locations
2) Discovered that native peoples could either be conquered or exploited
3) Developed a viable model of plantation slavery and a system for supplying more slave workers - 44Christopher ColumbusBelieved earth was much smaller than it is, in contrast to contemporaries.
Portugal refused his offers to explore, while Spain was ready to help him as they wanted to compete with Portugal. - 45Three Themes of Columbus' Observations1) Constantly asked natives where to find gold, pearls, and spices.
2) Wrote repeatedly of strange and beautiful plants and animals - primarily writing of their economic worth.
3) Described islands' human residents - writing of them as making good servants/slaves. - 46Florentine Amerigo VespucciFirst explorer to publish a claim that a new continent had been discovered - the one on which Columbus believed was Asia.
Man who America is named after, due to his middle name. - 47John Cabot"Discovery" of North America is attributed to John Cabot, as he was the first to bring formal knowledge of the northern coastline to Europe.
- 48Spanish Exploration and ConquestOnly in the ares Spain explored and claimed did colonization begin immediately.
- 49Hernan CortesMet the Mayan people and conquered/enslaved the Mayans and Aztecs.
- 50Francisco PizzarroConquered and enslaved the Incas.
- 51Spanish colonization three part model1) Crown maintined tight control over colonies, imposing hierarchical government
2) Most colonists were male who took Indian women as sexual partners, creating a mixed race
3) Colonie's wealth was based on the exploitation of both natives and slaves - 52Columbian ExchangeBroad mutual transfer of diseases , plants and animals (coined by Alfred Crosby).
Diets of all three peoples (Americans, Africans, and Europeans) were greatly enhanced - 53SmallpoxSpread from Europe to the Americas, wiping out an extremely large portion of the native american population
- 54SyphilisGiven to Europeans by Americans, carried by soldiers sailors and prostitutes it spread quickly through Europe and Asia in the late 1400s and early 1500s.
- 55Three commodities of importance to Europe and America1) Sugar: Euros wanted more and more leading to more and more slaves
2) Horses: North Americans loved horses and took them through trade and theft, permitted expansion of migration and ease of hunting
3) Tobacco: Euros fell in love with this, thinking it had health benefits (even if deemed terrible by King James I) - 56Euros in North AmericaDenied access to wealth of Mesoamerica by Spanish and beaten to South America by Portuguese, were more interested in exploiting North America.
- 57Travel to North AmericaBy 1570s, more than 350 ships were sent by England and France, capitalizing on fisheries of the Newfoundland Banks each year.
- 58Beaver peltsHighly desirable by Europeans for making fashionable hats.
Their desire for beaver fur led to beaver extinction in certain areas of NA. - 59Contest of Spain and EnglandJohn Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake began to raid Spanish treasure ships stealing their goods.
This led to a war between England and Spain that culminated in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated by England. - 60English coloniesAs a result of defeating Spain, England wanted to plant colonies in North America.
Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh decided to plant a colony that would be able to trade with Indians and defeat Spanish colonies. - 61Failure of English coloniesGilbert and Raleigh both failed.
In 1587 117 colonists created a territoy named Virginia, after the "virgin" queen, but it quickly dispersed. - 62Thomas Harriot's "A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia"Explains that the colonists depended heavily on nearby villagers for most of their food, and needlessly antagonized some of said villagers by killing them. This led to a lack of support and eventually the colony failed.
Harriot pointed out the killing was completely pointless and urged future colonists to be much more compassionate. - 63—
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- History (A People A Nation) Karteikarten am A.P.A.N. Chapter 1 - Three Worlds Collide, erstellt von Jacob Long am 29/09/2016.
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