Karteikarten
Attachment
Karten in diesem Stapel (27)
- 1Bowlby's 1st claimAttachments are adaptive and have a critical period of time (1-3 years) otherwise you won't form an attachment at all.
- 2LorenzHad a group of newly hatched goslings. group 1 was hatched with the mother goose the others in an incubator. He found that the goslings formed an attachment to the first thing they saw as when both groups were mixed together half went to the mother goose half went to him.
- 3Klaus and KennellThey found that there is a sensitive period immediately after birth, when bonding can occur through skin to skin contact.
- 4Bowlby's 2nd claimAttachment behaviours are prompted by social releasers. These social releases are characteristics that elicit a caregiving response in others. Bowlby suggests that these behaviours are adaptive to infants so that can survive more easily
- 5Bowlby's 3rd claimChildren form a special relationship (monotropy) with their main caregiver. the caregiver is usually the mother.
- 6Bowlby's 4th claimEarly attachments form an internal working model for future relationships. A child builds a model of how loveable they are and a model for how trustworthy the caregiver is. this provides the child with expectations about what to expect from relationships.
- 7Hazan and Shaverthey devised a 'love quiz' to measure an individuals attachment style and love experience. the questionnaire was printed on a local newspaper and the readers were asked to sent in there responses. they analysed 620 responses from people aged between 14 and 82.
- 8Hazan and Shaver's findingsthey found that there was a positive correlation between attachment type and love experience.
- 9Learning theory: Classical conditioningthis involves learning through assosiation. Food (unconditioned stimulus) produces a sense of pleasure (unconditioned response). The person who feeds an infant (neutral stimulus) becomes assosiated with the food and becomes a conditions stimulus.
- 10Learning theory: Operant conditioning (Dollard and Miller)They suggested that a hungry infantfeels uncomforable creating a drive to reduce discomfort. When the infant is fed the discomfort is reduced, which creates a sense of pleasure. food is therefore a primary reinforcer as is removes the discomfort and the person giving the food is a secondary reinforcer.
- 11HarlowHarlow created 2 wire mothers each with different heads. one of the mothers was also wrapped in cloth. 8 infant rhesus monkeys were studied over 165 days. during this time he measured how much time the monkeys spent with each of the mothers.
- 12Harlow's findingsAll 8 of the monkeys spent most of their time with the clothed mother whether or not it had the feeding bottle. this suggsts that infants do not develop an attachment to the person that feeds them but the the person who provides them with comfort.
- 13Interactional synchronyAdults and babies respond in time to sustain communication.
- 14ReciprocityTurn taking
- 15ImitationThe baby copies specific behaviours preformed by the caregiver.
- 16Meltzoff and MooreThey found that infants as young as 2-3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures.
- 17TronikAsked mothers who were enjoying talking with their babies to stop moving and maintain a static, unsmiling expression on there face. Babies would smile to get a response and would become increasingy disressed when it didn't provoke the usual response. this means babies expect and anticipate concordant responses.
- 18SchafferCarried out a longitudinal study/overt observation over a 2 year period. 60 infants from mainly working class areas of Glasgow were studied. They were observed every 4 weeks until they were 1 years old and then again after 18 months. the attachment was measured using separation protest and stranger anxiety.
- 19Schaffer's findings1) Half the children showed the 1st specific attachment between 25 and 32 weeks (6-8 months)
2) There are large differences in intensity of attachments. Intensity was higher with mothers who responded quickly and who offered the most interaction. - 20Schaffer's findings 23) Multiple attachments- by 18 months 13% were attached to only 1 person, 31% had 5 or more attachments, 65% of the children's 1st attachment was the mother.
4) In 39% of the cases the person who fed, bathed and changed the child wasn't the primary attachment object. - 21Stages of attachmentPre-attachment phase (birth-3 months)
Indiscriminate attachments phase (3-7/8 months)
Discriminate attachment phase 7/8 months onwards)
Multiple attachment stage (9 months onwards) - 22LambHis results found that mothers and fathers play different roles in attachment. He thinks that play sensitivity rather than the security of their attachment relationship with their child is a better predictor of the child's long-term attachment presentations.
- 23Ainsworth and Bell The strange situationThe aim of the study was to produce a method for assessing attachment. This was done with 100 middle class American infant (12-18 months) and there mothers. It was a controlled observation in a laboratory setting. Observers had to record the infant and the mothers behaviors during a set of 8 predetermined stages.
- 24Ainsworth and Bell The strange situation 2Ainsworth was particularly interested in these behaviors:
1) Whether the child was willing to explore
2) Whether they demonstrated stranger anxiety
3) Whether they demonstrated separation protest
4) What behavior they demonstrated on reunion - 25Ainsworth and Bell FindingsThey found evidence for 3 different types of attachment:
1) Securely attached
2) Insecure-avoidant
3) Insecure-resistant - 26Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg Cross-cultural differencesThey carried out a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 different countries including western and eastern cultures. These counties were: West Germany, Britain, Netherlands, Sweden, Israel, Japan, China and USA.
- 27Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg FindingsSecure attachment was the most common type across all cultures. Insecure-resistant was second most common in eastern cultures but insecure-avoidant was second most common in western cultures. However, China had an equal distribution in avoidant and resistant. There's a one and a half times greater intra-cultural variation (within) than inter-cultural variation (between)
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- A level Psychology Karteikarten am Attachment, erstellt von Andrew Elliott am 26/02/2017.
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- Andrew Elliott
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