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Karteikarten

Vaccination

Florence Edwards Animal Disease 1 Englisch 82 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (82)

  1. 1What is the function of passive immunisation?Used to provide immunity to infection before animal can mount its own immune response
  2. 2Give an example of a clinical application of passive immunisationTetanus anti-toxin
  3. 3Describe how tetanus anti-toxin is producedImmunise horse with formalin-treated tetanus anti-toxins
    Collect serum
    Purify immunoglobulin
  4. 4How can tetanus anti-toxin antibodies from horses be given to other species?Enzymatic cleavage to Fab fragments only (removal of Fc fragment)
    Reduces antigenicity to other species
  5. 5What is a disadvantage of passive immunisation?Pre-formed antibody prevents recipient immune response
  6. 6What can be a problem with giving antibodies repeatedly for passive immunity?Potential for hypersensitivity
  7. 7What is active immunisation?Administration of antigen to induce an immune response and immunological memory
  8. 8What is the main function of vaccination?Immunological memory - secondary, rapid immune response
  9. 9How are vaccines normally stored?Refrigerated at a particular temperature
  10. 10Why is it important that a vaccine induces an appropriate immune response?Different infections require varying proportion of humoral and cell-mediated immunity
    For example, viral infections require cell-mediated immunity
  11. 11Why should a vaccine include multiple antigenic epitopes?Stimulate multiple clones of T and B cells
  12. 12Which antibodies are involved in cell-mediated immunity?Restricted sub-class of IgG
  13. 13Which antibodies are involved in humoral immunity?IgG
    IgA
    IgE
  14. 14What are the 2 main cytokines produced by Th1 cells?IL-2
    Interferon gamma
  15. 15Which cytokine produced by Th1 cells inhibits Th2 cells?Interferon gamma
  16. 16What are the 4 main cytokines produced by Th2 cells?IL-4
    IL-5
    IL-9
    IL-13
  17. 17Which cytokines produced by Th2 cells inhibit Th1 cells?IL-4
    IL-13
  18. 18Give an example of a live virulent vaccineOrf vaccine in sheep
  19. 19What are live attenuated vaccines?Reduce virulence of agent through genetic modification, chemicals or growth at certain temperatures
  20. 20Do attenuated vaccines cause infection?Low-grade infection induced which cannot cause disease
  21. 21What are live heterologous vaccines?Antigenically related but adapted to another species
  22. 22Give an example of a live heterologous vaccineMeasles virus can be used in dogs to provide cross-immunity against distemper
  23. 23What are killed or non-infectious vaccines?Organism is antigenically intact but unable to replicate
  24. 24Give 3 methods for killing agents for use in vaccinesFormalin
    Alcohol
    Alkylating agents
  25. 25Are killed vaccines more likely to induce a humoral or cell-mediated immune response and why?Th2 mediated humoral response
    Lack of a cell-mediated immune response as cannot infect cells
  26. 26Why does the immune system not respond as effectively to killed vaccines?Agent does not move around the body
  27. 27What is meant by risk of return to virulence?Attenuated agent could regain virulent properties by recombination with bacteria in the environment or animal
  28. 28Which type of vaccine requires more doses?Killed vaccines require more doses than live vaccines
  29. 29Which type of vaccine requires an adjuvant?Killed vaccines
  30. 30Which type of vaccine is more stable?Killed vaccines are more stable than live vaccines
  31. 31How does replication allow live vaccines to induce better immunity?Increasing antigenic challenge over days to weeks
  32. 32How does location allow live vaccines to induce better immunity?Immunological challenge is at a relevant anatomical site
  33. 33Why do live vaccines contain more antigens?Expressed as well as structural antigens
  34. 34Why are live vaccines more able to stimulate cell-mediated immunity?Intracellular replication
  35. 35What are subunit vaccines?Contain antigenic epitopes (structural proteins or specific metabolites) that induce protective immunity
  36. 36Give an example of a subunit vaccineLeukocell 2
    Contains glycoprotein 70 extracted from feline leukaemia virus
  37. 37Give 2 disadvantages of synthetic peptide vaccinesLow immunogenicity so require adjuvant
    Monospecific immune response
  38. 38How are synthetic peptide vaccines produced?Amino acid sequencers
  39. 39What are GM vaccines?Attenuate organism by modifying or deleting virulence genes
  40. 40Give an example of a GM vaccineRemoval of thymidine kinase gene from swine herpesvirus
  41. 41What are marker vaccines?Allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals
  42. 42What is IBR?Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
  43. 43How is IBR diagnosed?Antibody to glycoprotein E
  44. 44How has a marker vaccine been developed against IBR?Remove glycoprotein E gene from vaccine
    Can differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals
  45. 45What is meant if a cow has no anti-glycoprotein E?Seropositive due to vaccine
  46. 46What is meant if a cow has serum anti-glycoprotein E?Field exposure
  47. 47What are recombinant vaccines?Remove RNA from viruses that codes for antigenic epitope
    Protein can be synthesised and harvested from E.Coli
  48. 48Describe the process by which recombinant vaccines are producedRNA encoding viral antigen
    Reverse transcriptase converts to DNA
    Gene excised with restriction endonucleases
    Inserted into E.Coli plasmid
    Antigen harvested from E.Coli
    Mixed with adjuvant for vaccine
  49. 49Give an example of a recombinant vaccineLeucogen (Virbac)
    Recombinant feline leukaemia virus p45 antigen
  50. 50Which 2 adjuvants are used in this vaccine?Aluminium hydroxide
    Quil A
  51. 51Why is an adjuvant required for recombinant vaccines?Improve immunogenicity
  52. 52How can recombinant organisms be used to transfer viral genes into host organisms?Benign virus carrier
    Attenuated bacterial carrier
  53. 53Why is canarypox virus a commonly used vector?No infection in mammals
  54. 54For which 2 vaccines is canarypox used as a vector in Europe?Feline leukaemia virus
    Cat rabies
  55. 55For which vaccine is canarypox used as a vector in the USA?Distemper
  56. 56Are recombinant bacterial vaccines available yet?No
  57. 57What is naked DNA vaccination?Plasmid DNA used as vaccination
    Transfects host cells including dendritic cells
    Antigen presented in lymph node
    Strong T and B cell responses induced
  58. 58Give 3 routes of administration for naked DNAIntramuscular
    Mucosal
    Intradermal with carrier such as gold particles
  59. 59Which barrier to vaccination may be overcome by naked DNA vaccination?Maternally derived antibody
  60. 60Give an example of a naked DNA vaccination used experimentallyRabies glycoprotein gene given to dogs in bacterial plasmid
  61. 61What is the advantage of naked DNA vaccination in terms of immunogenicity?No adjuvant required
  62. 62What is the advantage of naked DNA vaccination in terms of dosing?Fewer doses required
  63. 63What is meant by vaccine delivery via high pressure injection?High pressure transdermal system
  64. 64Which 2 cells are accessed by high pressure injection?Epidermal Langerhans cells
    Dermal dendritic cells
  65. 65In which species is aerosilisation commonly used to administer vaccines?Poultry
  66. 66What is a method of vaccine delivery specific to poultry?In ovo
  67. 67How are vaccines delivered in fish?Immersion (water)
  68. 68How can vaccines be used in cancer therapy?Enhance immune response to some cancers which can increase survival time
  69. 69What is the difference between core and non-core vaccines?Core = all animals should receive
    Non-core = not every animal needs them
  70. 70What percentage of animals need to be vaccinated for herd immunity?70%
  71. 71How are young animals vaccinated and why?Series of priming vaccines due to maternally derived antibody
    12 month booster
  72. 72What is DoI?Duration of immunity
  73. 73Which animals should vaccines NOT be given to unless specifically indicated?Pregnant animals
    Sick or immunosuppressed animals
  74. 74Why should vaccines not be given in pregnant animals?Live attenuated vaccines can damage the foetus
  75. 75Give an example of a disease for which vaccination records are a legal requirementRabies
  76. 76Where can adverse reactions to vaccines be reported?Veterinary Medicines Directorate
  77. 77Why can the same dose of vaccine be given to differently sized dogs?Same minimum antigenic dose required regardless of size
  78. 78Give an example of a breed that does not always mount an effective immune response to vaccinationRottweilers
  79. 79Why is it important to read the 'claim' for which a vaccine is licensed?Claim details expected efficacy of vaccine e.g. no infection versus less severe disease if infected
  80. 80What are the 3 most common vaccine-associated adverse effects?Transient post-vaccinal illness
    Transient post-vaccinal immunosuppression
    Local injection site reactions
  81. 81What is a FISS?Feline Injection Site Sarcoma
    Malignant tumour caused by injectable products
  82. 82Give 4 hypersensitivity reactions that can occur due to vaccinationAngioedema
    Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia
    Immune Mediated Thrombocytopenia
    Vasculitis caused by immune complexes

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Beschreibung
Animal Disease 1 (Immunology) Karteikarten am Vaccination, erstellt von Florence Edwards am 06/03/2017.
Erstellt von
Florence Edwards
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