Karteikarten
Truman
Karten in diesem Stapel (17)
- 1TRUMAN DOMESTIC POLICY THE ECONOMYReleased men from army= short term unemployment. War factories nationalised, price controls, & inflation at 25% (1945). $6bill tax cut= made it worse. Congress weakened Office of Price Administration. But Council of Economic Advisors accepted. Construction boom provided jobs & GI Bill of Rights. 1949: 40% of college students= Veterans.
Success: 1947= 1/2 manufacturing outlet came from US. GI Bill of Rights= money from soldiers going into economy. Baby Boom- market for domestic products. - 2TRUMAN DOMESTIC POLICY 1948 ELECTIONSDems not keep on re-nominating him: ended up with 3 democrats candidates. Henry Wallace= Progressive. J Strom Thurmond= States Rights (Dixiecrat).
This helped Truman as campaigned as a moderate. He had support from Trade Unions & Black Americans. Impact of war, poor Repub campaign, Truman's travel across US. Also won Senate & House. - 3TRUMAN DOMESTIC POLICY ORGANISED LABOURTrade Unions stronger. 1945: 15 mill workers in AFL-CIO. Post war inflation- unions demanded higher wages, strikes in 1946. Agreed 18-19% wage rise (inflation at 19%). Unions donated to dem party but many dems unsympathetic. Coal & Railway strike- congress refused to give Truman power to use troops. 1947: Toft-Hartley Act outlawed 'closed shop', anti communist oath, & established 80 day warning for strike. 1952 steel industry strike.
- 4TRUMAN DOMESTIC POLICY MCCARTHYISMCommunist magazine= had official gov documents & uncovered a communist spy ring in US. US comm party took orders from Moscow. 1947 National Security Act established Dept of Defence & increased fears. Executive Order 9835: Fed Loyalty Boards- remove employees if comm. House Un-American Activities Committee: started on Hollywood & ended careers (Arthur Miller). Joseph McCarthy: obscure Senator, 1950 speech to repub woman club produced list of 205 comms in State Dept. Many felt US struggling in CW so McCarthy found support. Afraid to criticise for fear of accusation. 300 teachers in NY lost their job. Trade Unions dropped demand for social change. State Dept was most damaged- most talented fired= failings in Asia in following decades.
- 5TRUMAN CIVIL RIGHTS COMMITTEE ON CIVIL RIGHTS1946. Highly controversial; segregation was a social fact. Truman determined to press ahead with changes. 1947 report To Secure the Rights; USA could not claim to lead the free world while Blacks were unequal. Called for: anti-lynching legislation, abolition of poll tax, voting rights laws, permanent FEPC, end to discrimination in travel and army, CR division in Justice Dept, administration support for CR cases in fed courts, & establishment of US Commission on Civil Rights.
- 6TRUMAN CIVIL RIGHTS 1947-48 SPEECHESFollowing Committee on CR's report he made a number of speeches showing support for CR.
June 1947: 1st pres to speak to NAACP, called for many of C on CR's demands.
1947&48 State of the Union Addresses: urged C on Cr's recommendations to be put in place. - 7TRUMAN CIVIL RIGHTS ENDING DISCRIMINATION IN FED GOVIssued Executive Orders to stop discrimination in armed forces & guarantee fair employment in Civil Service. Resistance from officers but Korean War sped up process. Nat Guard & Reserves remained segregated.
Fair Employment Board set up: effectiveness limited by low funding & conservative membership. - 8TRUMAN CIVIL RIGHTS OTHER ACTIONS AS PRESIDENTAppointed a black judge to a fed court.
Appointed a black Governor of Virginia.
Appointed black ambassador to UN.
Tried to use fed contracts to get employers to work towards equality.
Established Committee on Gov Contract Compliance- contracts not given to companies that discriminated.
Integrated inauguration ceremony 1949.
Desegregated Washington Airport. - 9TRUMAN CIVIL RIGHTS PROGRESS?Opportunist? Had to rely on AA vote- however knew racism was wrong & concerned about US' world reputation.
Raised awareness with symbolic actions.
Much progress was not his doing; NAACP & CORE pressured him to act. CORE organised freedom rides and sit-ins. NAACP used legal system: Morgan V Virginia (seg on interstate buses illegal). Sweatt V Painter (Texas black law school not equal to white one). - 10TRUMAN FOREIGN POLICY WHY DID THE COLD WAR START?US & USSR were the most powerful figures in the world after WW2. They had different ideologies= sense of rivalry. Attempts from both to spread ideology.
- 11TRUMAN FOREIGN POLICY KOREA 1945-1950Divided along 38th parallel. SK John Hodge & capitalist. NK communist. UN commission oversee election to unite but USSR prevented them from entering NK. Syngman Rhee SK leader May 1948, 1949 US withdrew. Rhee=repression & damaged democracy in SK. 1948: democratic peoples republic of Korea formed (NK) Kim Il Sung. USSR withdrew in December. Korea fully divided
- 12TRUMAN FOREIGN POLICY KOREAN WAR 1950-53Causes of US involvement: T Doctrine, McCarthyism, & fall of China.
NKPA attacked June 1950- US policy unclear. Troops rushed from Japan but weak, but had air superiority and started driving them back. Retreated but still a threat to SK, if US went into NK, China would retaliate however 64% of Americans supported an invasion of NK. Happened in October 1950 but MaCarthur underestimated NK's response and walked into a trap= longest retreat in US history. MaCarthur continued plans= disobeyed Truman. War became stalemate at 38th parallel. Truman fired MaCarthur- dangerous as he was popular, war continued for 2 years. - 13TRUMAN FOREIGN POLICY GERMANY & BERLIN BLOCKADE4 powers agreed: 4 zones of occupation but single economic unit- Berlin also split. West rebuilt areas but Soviets exploited theirs. TRIZONIA= UK, US, France- German assembly & currency. Alarmed USSR as West appealed to East Germans.
Berlin Blockade 1948-49: links from West Berlin to East cut off. US sent spy planes that were not shot down. Moved bomber planes to Britain as a warning. May 1949 blockade lifted. Consequences: new low to relationship. NATO formed to co-ordinate defence of West. Germany remained divided. Start of Arms Race. NSC-68: US should support all alternatives to communism- conventional & nuclear forces- change containment to roll-back. - 14TRUMAN FOREIGN POLICY COLD WAR IN EUROPE1945 Potsdam Conference: no agreement over Germany.
Long Telegram: crucial in creation of containment= detailed report.
Truman Doctrine: would support any country at risk of communism. Turkey got $60mill
Marshall Plan: economic extension to T Doctrine= recovery of Europe. USSR responded with Cominform & Comecon.
Poland: 1947 election rigged to elect communist government.
Romania: communist demonstrations & Red Army helped takeover.
Hungary: economic crash- communists took advantage & control.
West's reaction: alarmed at spread but accepted the East was Soviet sphere of influence. Formation of Iron Curtain. - 15TRUMAN FOREIGN POLICY CHINA1945: US backed conference produced no solution- sent 50,000 troops to help Chiang. Marshall negotiated a truce but Chiang broke agreement & attacked. Resentment grew against Chiang so US withdrew in 1946. This didn't follow containment but continued sending money. 1949: China fell to communism. Truman did not intervene as had no desire for war due to unpopularity of Chiang & situation in Berlin. This fuelled McCarthyism, now had to be seen to be tougher in future.
- 16TRUMAN FOREIGN POLICY VIETNAMRecognised Bao Dai's government as legitimate rulers of Vietnam. Sent agricultural experts, set up malaria programme, & supplied military aid ($3bill).
- 17TRUMAN FOREIGN POLICY JAPANUS occupied= angered USSR but could do nothing about it. MaCarthur given leadership: banned communism, reduced army, ended feudalism, women given vote= modelling in own image. BUT did not want Japan regaining dominance but needed to be an effective barrier against communism. $500mill in economic aid & benefitted from Korean War (Japan used for R&R). Partially re-armed. Ussr annoyed they had no say.
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- Samantha Red
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