Karteikarten
Areas and perspectives
Karten in diesem Stapel (30)
- 1DevelopmentalAssumes behaviour changes throughout our lifetime
Early experiences can affect later development - focuses on children
Suggests behaviour is either innate or learnt from the environment - 2Bandura - Transmission of aggressionDevelopmental because of the way in which it shows how children's behaviour can be influenced by the behaviour of adult role models who they imitate
- 3Chaney et al - Funhaler studyDevelopmental because it is illustrating another way in which children's behaviour can be influenced by external facts - in this case, the presence of positive and negative reinforcers
- 4Kohlberg - Stages of moral developmentDevelopmental because it is investigating how, as people get older, the nature of their moral thinking can be seen to evolve, potentially passing through the six distinct stages of moral development
It suggests that it occurs irrespective of the culture a person is growing up in - 5Lee et al - Evaluations of lying and truth-tellingIt investigates the impact that a child's age has on their evaluations of lying and truth-telling
- 6SocialWe behave differently in different situations depending on the roles we take and the perceived/actual presence of others
Other people and the environment influence our behaviour
Our relationships influence how we behave - 7Milgram - ObedienceMilgram's results show how pressure from another person could lead to people administering potentially fatal electric shocks and how they could do this in spite of evident discomfort
- 8Bocchiaro - Disobedience and whistle-blowingBocchiaro revealed high levels of obedience and also sought to investigate if there were personality differences distinguishing those who were obedient, disobedient or prepared to whistle-blow
- 9Piliavin - Good SimaritanPilliavin seeked to investigate the impact of other people on helping behaviour. He did this through counting the number of people in the carriage at the time of the incidents (diffusion of responsibility was not seen) while another person was available to model helping behaviour if necessary
- 10Levine - Cross-cultural altruismLevine investigated helping behaviour in non-confined settings and also by doing so cross-culturally, in 23 different countries
Results found cultural differences in altruism, offering culture as an explanation for the differences in helping behaviour - 11CognitiveInvestigates the way that internal mental processes (perception, attention, language, memory) can influence our behaviour
- 12Moray - Auditory attentionBecause it is regarding attention
Moray's study comprises of a series of three experiments, one of which investigates the 'cocktail party effect' and what kind of information breaks the attentional barrier is discussed - 13Simons and Chabris - Visual innattentionInvestigated visual attention rather than Moray's work which looked at auditory attention
This study explains why we may not recall information that we see, but do not pay attention to - 14Loftus and Palmer - Eyewitness testimonyCognitive because of its subject matter - namely, memory
This study shows the impact that post event information can have on memory, even to the point of producing false memories (second experiment) - 15Grant et al - Context-dependent memoryA study which shows another way in which memory can be affected - in this case, by whether information is recalled in a similar context to that in which it was first encountered
- 16BiologicalFocuses on genetic, neurochemical and how the brain and nervous system work as explanations of behaviour
The mind resides in the brain and so all thoughts, feelings and behaviours have a biological cause (genetics) - 17Sperry - Split brain surgeryBiological because it is showing, through split-brain patients, the way in which different abilities are localised within the two hemispheres of the brain and distinct areas control specific behaviours
- 18Casey et al - Neural correlates of delay of gratificationBiological because it involves trying to see whether there is a neural basis to self-regulation. This is done through fMRI scans of people who, forty years previously had taken part in the delay-of-gratification marshmallow test
- 19Blakemore and Cooper - Impact of early visual experienceAn example of research into brain plasticity, in which evidence is put forward of the impact that the visual environment has on cats' brains
Included as a biological study because of its focus on the neurons, and also because it opens up the debate about whether biology affects behaviour or whether behaviour affects biology - 20Maguire - Taxi driversIllustrates brain plasticity, though it illustrates it amongst adult humans in a different part of the brain (the hippocampi)
It also uses MRI scans to investigate it - 21Individual differencesLooks at why people fall out of 'normal range'
Less reductionist than other areas as it looks at what makes people unique
Focuses on why people differ and the reasons why
Develop an understanding of disorders - 22Freud - Little HansIndividual differences because of its focus on trying to explain a way in which people may differ - namely, by having phobias
It does this through the case study of a single boy - 23Baron-Cohen - Autism in adultsIndividual differences because of its focus on trying to understand a way in which people differ - in this case, through being diagnosed as being on the autistic spectrum
- 24Gould - A Nation of Morons - Bias in IQ testingIndividual differences because of its focus on an attempt to develop a test to measure a way in which people differ - namely, in their levels of intelligence
- 25Hancock et al - Language of psychopathsIndividual differences because of its focus on trying to measure differences - in this case, text analysis tools are used to examine the crime narratives of 14 psychopathic and 38 non-psychopathic homicide offenders and the findings demonstrate how the two groups differ
- 26Psycho-dynamicBelieves that childhood can impact significantly on our behaviour as adults, as we need to successfully develop through the psycho-sexual stages
It assumes that many behaviours can be explained by conflicts between the id, ego and superego
A lot of desires can't be easily accessed by our conscious mind so dream analysis may be the best way - 27Freud - Little HansPsycho-dynamic because of the way in which Freud's theory of psycho-sexual development (especially the Oedipus complex) is drawn upon to explain Little Han's phobias and fantasies
- 28BehaviouristBehaviours are learnt via three main mechanisms: classical, operant conditions and social learning theory
It uses objective data and only measures what can be observed, rather than interpreting dreams or relying on self report
Most behaviours can be shaped via rewards and punishments - 29Bandura - Transmission of aggressionBehaviourist because of the way it provides empirical support for social learning theory
This is shown through children imitating the aggressive behaviour of role models that they observe - 30Chaney et al - Funhaler studyBehaviourist because of the way it provides empirical support for operant conditioning (both positive and negative reinforcement)
Results found increased adherence, due to the positive reinforcement provided by the Funhaler
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- A level Psychology Karteikarten am Areas and perspectives , erstellt von Lauren Rushmore am 13/06/2017.
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- Lauren Rushmore
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