Scientific Revolution: Why these scientists and their discoveries and inventions during the Renaissance were the most influential and important things toward current day

Scientific Revolution: Why these scientists and their discoveries and inventions during the Renaissance were the most influential and important things toward current day

1. Tycho Brahe

   • With the finical support of the King of Denmark, Frederick II, he built his observatory on the island of Ven
     • In that observatory he and his assistants collected and corrected nearly every single known astronomical record.
       • He also made a comprehensive study of the solar system the accurate positions of more than 700 fixed stars.
         • Importance: His discovers and observations paved the way for future discoveries.
   • Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer who paved the way for future astronomical discoveries with his observations which were the most accurate possible before the invention of a telescope.

2. Galileo Galilei

   • Validated Copernicus' theory of the heliocentric model
   • Galileo Galilei was an Italian a natural philosopher, astronomer, and a mathematician who is most famously known for validating Copernicus' heliocentric model and the improvement of the telescope.
   • Telescope
     • In 1609 Galileo heard of an invention in the Netherlands. He quickly figured out how to put one of his own together. Although he wasn't the first, he was able to fix and improve it better than anyone else.
     • Importance: The telescope has become the most important tool in astronomy as it provides means of collecting and analyzing radiation.
     • Although people often asscioate the invention of the telescope with Galileo, he was not the original inventor.

3. Issac Newton

   • Formulated Newtons three laws of motion
     • Second Law states that "the time rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal in both magnitude and direction to the force imposed on it."
     • First Law states that. "If a body is at rest of moving at a constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force this postulate is known as the law of inertia"
     • Third Law states that "when two bodies interact, they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction"
     • Importance: These laws are important because they apply to everyone at any given time. They have also become the foundation of Classical Mechanics and are used to describe objects and speed we encounter everyday.
   • An English physicist and mathematician who was mostly known for his contributions to optics, three laws of motion, and his discovery of calculus.
   • Opticks
     • In 1704 Newton published Opticks as a collection of his findings that white light was comprised of 7 colors.
   • Calculus
     • A branch of mathematics used for the calculation of instantaneous rates of change and the summation of infinitely many small factors to determine some whole .
       • Importance: Calculus provides methods for solving problems about orbit, curves and other issues.
     • Both Newton and a German philosopher, mathematician and political adviser, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz share credit for having independently developed calculus.

4. Johannes Kepler

   • Three Laws of planetary motion
     • First Law states that "All planets move about the sun in elliptical orbits having the sun as one focal point".
     • Second Law states that "A radius vector joining any planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time".
     • Third Law states that "The squares of the sidereal periods of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun".
     • Importance: Kepler's three laws extend to the natural and artificial satellites as well as to unpowered spacecraft in orbit.
   • Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer who was best known for his discovery of the three major laws of planetary motion

5. Nicolaus Copernicus

   • Challenged the church's view by proposing the heliocentric model
     • Heliocentric
       • The Heliocentric model is where planets revolve around a fixed point which is the sun.
       • Importance: Pushed away the old Geocentric model created by Ptolemy of Alexandria.
         • Geocentric is a model where Earth was the fixed point instead of the sun
   • Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who was is most famously known for first proposing the Heliocentric theory

6. William Harvey

   • William Harvey was an English Physician who is most famously known for being the first to recognize the circulation of blood.
   • Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animlibus (Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals)
     • His greatest achievement was recognizing that blood flows throughout the entire body. All of it being pushed through a single system of arteries and veins.
       • Before this, there was a hypothesis that there was a lesser circulation where blood flows from the heart to the lungs and back.
     • The heart was a pump instead of a filtration device.
     • Importance: William Harvey's discoveries lead to major advances in the knowledge of the cardiovascular system. His work also greatly influenced people like Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke, and Richard Lower.
   • As Harvey spent much of his later life studying reproduction, many of his oberservation and findings were useless at the time as he did not have a microscope to examine with.

7. Rene Descartes

   • Rene Descartes was a French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. He was most known for his contributions to philosophy, earning him the nickname of The father of modern philosophy.
   • Rationalist
   • Was the father of modern philosophy because his ideas departed widely from the then current understanding of philosophy in the early 17th century
     • Lead to the "I think; therefore I am" quote

8. Francis Bacon

   • Empiricist
   • Francis Bacon was a lawyer, statesmen, philosopher, and considered a master at the English tongue. He is known for power as a speaker
   • Novum Organum

9. Scientific Method

   • This was a new way to construct and test hypotheses
     • Importance: This attempted to eliminate of minimizing the influence of bias or prejudice as even the best-intentioned scientist cannot escape bias.
   • Step 1: Tables of investigation
     • Step 2: Tables of presence
       • Step 3: Table of Absence in Proximity
         • Step 4: Table of Comparison
           • Step 5: Required to perform a short survey that will help identify possible cause of occurrence
   • The Scientific method has it's limitation. Those limitations being that the hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. Experients and oberservations must also be repeatable.

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