ESL Approaches and Methods

ESL Approaches and Methods

1. Grammatical Approach

   • Teacher Centered
     • Memorization
       • Isolated from Meaningful Context
       • Drill and Practice
   • Methods
     • Grammar-Translation
       • Emphasis on reading, writing, and grammar
       • Less oral language development
     • Direct
       • Immersion
       • No L1 Support
       • Open Ended Responses
     • Audiolingual
       • Sequenced Grammar Structures
       • Minimal Use of L1
       • Error correction, Drill, Repetitive Practice

2. Communicative

   • Student Centered
     • Communication
       • Meaningful acquisition of knowledge
     • Constructivism
     • Social Interaction
   • Methods
     • Silent Way
       • Teacher Model/Talking
       • Repetition and signals
       • Rarely content based
     • Natural Way
       • Comprehensible input
       • Minimal error correction
       • Acceptance of L1
     • Suggestodpedia
       • Relaxed physical setting
       • Minimal Error Correction
       • Use L1 for explanations
     • Integrated Content-Based
       • Focus on content and language integrations
       • Thematic Units
     • Sheltered Instruction
       • Grade level modified curriculum
       • Scaffolded instruction
       • Visuals, cooperative learning, guarded vocabulary
       • Protects students from anxiety, ambiguity, and confusion

3. Cognitive

   • Learner Centered
     • Explicitly Teach Learning Strategies
   • Method: CALLA
     • Developmentally appropriate langue instruction
     • Focus on CALP (Content areas)
       • L1
       • L2
     • Prior Knowledge
     • Explicit Instruction
       • Metacognitive
       • Cognitive
       • Social/Affective

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