USE OF "BY

USE OF "BY

1. BY + PLACE

   • Tiene el significado de:
     • beside (junto a)
     • at the side of (al lado de)
     • next to (junto a)
     • close to
     • * The house is by a river.
       • * David lives by a train station

2. BY+ METHOD OF TRANSPORTATION

   • Describimos POR el medio que viajas
     • David went to Manchester by train.
       • Our children have never travelled by plane before.
   • BY
     • train, car, boat, plain, taxi

3. BY + METHOD OF COMMUNICATION

   • Describimos CÓMO NOS COMUNICAMOS
     • I spoke to her by telephone.
       • Please confirm the order by email.
   • by
     • telephone
     • post
     • email

4. BY+ METHOD OF PAYMENT

   • Describe CÓMO PAGAS POR ALGO
     • We paid for the computer by cheque.
       • Can I pay by credit card?
   • BY
     • credit card
     • cheque

5. BY + "ING"

   • Esta estructura explica CÓMO HACER LAS COSAS. Nos brinda más información de cómo conseguir un resultado.
     • * By pressing this button, you turn on the alarm system.

6. BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

   • by myself / by herself/ by themselves, etc
     • por lo regular este uso es como enfasis diciendo que UNO MISMO LO HIZO
       • *They painted the whole house by themselves! (They did it alone.)
         • *Did you build that castle all by yourself? (Did you do it alone?)