Hydropower

Hydropower

1. Conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity

   • A method that using kinetic energy (moving water) to produce electricity

2. Renewable source; water cycle is cannot be replenished

3. Large scale > 30MW

   • Plants; have much broader impacts on the overall environment
   • Hydro electric dam
     • Bring Impacts on :
       • Local WIldlife
       • Ecosystems
       • Displacement of local residents

4. Small Scale < 30MW

   • 'Run-of-river" installation
     • Water flow
       • Rotates wheel/turbine, spins shaft
         • Motion of the shaft used to power a generator to generate electricity
       • Power depends on
         • Flow rate, Q
           • Volume of water passing per second
           • m^3/s
         • Water Head, H
           • Vertical distance between top penstock dengan point air discharge dari turbine, Hg
           • H=Hg - Hf
             • Hg; Gross head
             • Hf; loss due to friction between water and penstock then H
     • Turbine
     • Drive System
   • Power Estimation
     • P = ngpQH
   • Hydraulic Power Estimation
     • n= nt x ng
       • nt; turbine eff
         • typically between 85% - 95%
       • ng= generator eff
         • Typically between 93% - 97%
   • Annual ENergy
     • (8760 x Pmax x CF) / 100
       • Pmax; max rated power calculated based on the max Q
       • CF; Capacity Factor
         • = (Pm/Pmax) x 100
           • Pm; Avg Power calc based on mean Q
   • Advantages
     • Reduce dependency on fossil fuels
     • Reducing the atm pollution
     • cost effective
     • environmentally friendly energy generation
     • improving the accessibility of electricity in rural areas

5. Major components

   • Intake structure/ Dam
     • Weir
       • River water is diverted by a weir through an opening in the river side into a channel
       • Constructed across the river to divert water through an opening into settling basin
     • Basin
       • To remove sand and silt from the water before entering the forebay
         • the channel directs water into forebay-directed to the turbines through a penstock
     • Trash rack
       • Provided at the entrance of penstock
       • TO trap the debris in the water
   • Penstock
     • Pressurized pipe; carries water dari intake structure atau reservoir ke turbine
     • Buat guna Steel/ Reinforced Concrete
   • Turbines
     • Located in power house
     • Convert hydraulic energy --> mechanical energy ---> electrical energy (by coupling turbine shaft dgn generator)
     • Types
       • Impulse turbine
         • pelton
         • Turgo
         • Cross Flow
         • The inlet of the turbine the energy available is only kinetic energy
       • Reaction turbine
         • Francis
         • Kaplan
         • the inlet turbine the water possesses kinetic energy as well as pressure energy
   • Power house
     • Protect the hydraulic and electrical equipment
     • Consists of drive system
       • Turbine
         • To operate an electricity generator
       • Generator
       • Tx
         • To converts the electrical energy from generator to a high voltage
         • National grid use HV to transmit electricity efficiently through power lines to the consumer
         • Other tx then reduce the voltage back down to a usable level
   • Tailrace
     • The flow of water from turbines to the stream

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