Memory

Memory

1. Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

   • Recall
   • Recognition
   • Relearning

2. Psychologists use memory models to think and communicate about memory.

3. Three processing stages in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model

   • sensory memory.
   • short-term memory
   • long-term memory

4. Atkinson-Shiffrin model’s updated concepts

   • Working memory: processing occurring in the second memory stage
   • Automatic processing: To address the processing of information outside of conscious awareness

5. Dual-track memory system

   • Explicit memories
   • Implicit memories

6. Encoding Memories

   • Automatic processing and implicit memories
     • Information is automatically processed about Space Time Frequency
   • Effortful processing and explicit memories

7. Sensory Memory

   • Iconic memory: Picture-image memory Echoic memory: Sound memory

8. Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

9. Working memory

   • Capacity varies by age and and other factors.

10. Effortful Processing Strategies

    • Chunking:
    • Hierarchies
    • Mnemonics

11. Spacing effect: Encoding is more effective when it is spread over time

12. Testing effect: Retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced effect

13. Memory consolidation: Neural storage of long-term memories

14. Explicit-Memory System

    • Semantic memory
    • Episodic memory
    • Memory consolidation

15. When Do We Forget

    • When we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it.

16. Forgetting: Encoding and Storage Decay

    • Encoding failure
    • Storage decay

17. Interference

    • Proactive
    • Retroactive

18. Misinformation and imagination effects

    • Misinformation effect: A memory is corrupted by misleading information.
    • Imagination effect: Repeatedly imagining fake actions and events can create false memories.