Memory

Memory

1. The Multi-Store Model Of Memory (MSM)- ATKINSON & SHRIFFIN (1968)

   • Explains how information flows through a series of storage systems, with 3 permanent structures
     • Sensory Register
       • Not under cognitive control, but is an automatic response
       • Coding- Iconic = Vision Echoic = Sound Haptic = Touch Gustatory = Taste Olfactory = Smell
         • CROWDER (1993): SR only retains info for a few milliseconds, but for 2-3 seconds within the Echoic store. Supports the idea that sensory memory is coded into different sensory stores and that they have different durations.
       • Capacity- Large, contains unprocessed, highly detailed ever-changing info
         • SPERLING (1960): Flashed 3x4 grid letters onto screen for one-twentieth of a second. Asked participants to recall letters of one row. Used different tones (high, medium, low) to indicate which row had to be recalled (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
           • Found that recall was high, which suggests all info was originally there. Concluded that capacity of SR is large
       • Duration- All have limited duration, different amounts, decreases with age
         • TREISMAN (1964): Presented identical auditory messages to both ears, with slight delay between
           • Found that participants noticed messages were identical when delayed by 2 seconds or less. Suggests that Echoic store has limited duration of 2 seconds
     • Short Term Memory
       • Stores info received from SR. It's an active memory system as it contains info currently being thought about
       • Coding- Info arrives in raw form, then encoded in a form STM can easily deal with. Research suggests that main form of coding in STM is acoustic
         • BADDELEY (1966): Four word lists- List A: acoustically similar, List B: acoustically dissimilar, List C: semantically similar, List D: semantically dissimilar
     • Long Term Memory
     • Each stage differs in terms of: Coding- The form info is stored Capacity- How much info is stored Duration- How long info is stored