MIDDLE AGES

MIDDLE AGES

1. ANGLO SAXONS

   • tall and fair
   • after the romans left Britain, the Britons were taken over by Saxons, Angels and Jutes 9 (anglo saxons)
   • came in big boats
   • they came from modern day
     • Germany
     • Denmark
     • Normay
   • ruled 7 kingdoms
     • Northumbria
     • Mercia
     • Wessex
     • Sussex
     • Kent
     • East Anglia
     • Essex

2. DEFINITION

   • starts at the fall of the Roman Empire 479AD
   • finishes at the start of the Ranaisaance
   • goes for roughly 500-1500AD
   • middle ages is also called the dark ages because of the loss of knowledge
   • ancient greeks gave us democracy

3. BATTLE OF HASTINGS

   • King Edward died on 6.1.1066
   • with no heir for the crown
   • Harold Godwineson english, good soldier, brother in law, edward supposedly named him as heir, english, from the most powerful family in England
   • William of Normady: french (norman), claimed edwayd was promised to him by edward, helped edward fight a rebellion, cousin, claimed harold swore oath of loyalty to him and promised william could be king
   • Harald Hadrada of Norway: descendant of King Cnut was viking leader and King of England, thought that as edward had no heirs throne should be returned to viking, this claim was supported by some viking families
   • the day after Edward's death the witan (consel of nobles) proclaimed Harold king, howerever william was determined
   • harold was expecting invasion from william and sent his army to southeren
   • Then harold sent his army to the north of England to fight william and his brother Tostig, and deafeated them
   • Harold's army had to walk back to the south where William had set up camp, harold relied of infantry, william was calvary, archers, infantry
   • harold made a wall of shields, normans pretended to flee, sent saxons into chase, normans where waiting and killed harold's army
   • Harold was killed and on Christmas day 1066 william was crowned

4. LEADERS OF BRITAIN

   • Romans
   • Vikings from Sweden and Scandinavia
   • Anglo-Saxons
   • Vinkings
   • Anglo-Saxons
   • Normans

5. FUEDAL SYSTEM

   • emerged around 900CE and spread through out Europe for the next 150 years
   • it emerged because rulers were losing power as the economic state of Europe was poor
   • and because people did not believe that their governments were providing them with enough protection against attack
   • helped protect from and attack and ensured enough food and clothing
   • the king was at the top and he owned the land
   • serfs were at the bottom and provided loyalty, food, money and labour to the knights
   • fiefs was what was passed down, manor
   • restricted people's freedom and controlled their lives
   • many found this system controlling

6. A WOMEN"S LIFE

   • little say in life
   • consider father's property until marriage then she was in his
   • marriage by 12
   • in charge of house
   • collected firewood
   • had to keep house clean
   • made clothes
   • spun cloth themselves
   • wore linen street
   • jacket gave indication of status

7. MEDICINE & BELIEF

   • believed that illness was a punishment from god
   • little medical knowledge
   • bubonic and muemonic plague
   • diseases diagnosed by basic plague
   • every village would have a herbalist
   • surpisingly some cures actually work
   • but most were completely useless

8. CATHOLIC CHURCH

   • church has politcal as well as religious influence
   • kings and emperors would consult the Church for advice
   • the romans made christianity their official religion in 391AD
   • divine right-god gives King to rule
   • and it remained
   • incredibly powerful and owned at lot land and property
   • people fully believed in the church's teachings, rarely questioned in MA
   • sometimes owned more many than kings
   • people were required to support the church with a tithe
   • a tithe was a tax 10% of a persons income could be paid in goods or grain
   • ORDER of BEING god at the top, peasants at the bottom
   • tithes were kept in the TITHE BARN
   • people couldn't contradict the church most people were uneducated and couldn't write
   • church services in latin, bible was written in latin
   • the pope had the power of cutting someone off the church an therefore heaven (excommunication)
   • the church taught that anyone who didn't follow god would go to hell
   • the fear of hell meant that people would to anything to stay out of hell
   • the church sold 'indulgences' which was money paid to the church to ensure you went to Heaven

9. MANORALISM

   • vassal is the person given the land
   • manor wants to be self-sufficient
   • Three field system
     • manors were based around this
     • two fields were planted and one was left fallow(so it could recouperate)
     • these fields were divided into strips
     • lord keeps 1/3 land
     • remaining strips divided along peasants
     • in return the peasants had to work if the Lord's land
   • sometimes the manor house had walls which serfs could hide behind in times of danger
   • church: provided for the villagers
   • common pasture: for animals (grazing)
   • Lord's Mill: peasants could use it to ground their grain into flour for a fee
   • Lord's Oven: serf's would bake their bread for a fee
   • Village: away from the manor, village is where the serfs live, their houses were made of wattle (woven twigs) and doub (mud)
   • Manor Court: manoy minor crimes were dealt with by the lord of the manor (village)

10. CATHEDRALS

    • gothic architecture
    • very, large elaborate churches
    • built to inspire awe
    • shows the power of the church
    • took decades to build
    • flying buttress
      • the rungs that stopped the church from falling down
    • circular stained glass called rose windows
    • gargoyles

11. CRIME & PUNISHMENT

    • Discouraging crime
      • people were punished in public
      • humiliation
      • brutal punishments=
      • bodies of those excuted were displayed outside town in cages(gibbets)
      • hue & cry
        • no police force
        • villagers job to bring wrondoers to justice
      • witchcraft
        • considered punishable by death
        • thought to be followers of the devil
        • believed they caused plague, cops to fail, animald tp die
        • people often though to be witches inclued
        • physically deformed, insane, people who disliked their neighbours, critical of the church, people who are different, those who actually practiced witchcraft
    • Torture
      • used to extract confessions from people suspected of certain crimes-esp. treason, heresy, witchcraft
      • the Rack:pulled so knees and joints dislocate
      • Head Crusher: head is crushed
      • Cat's Paw: hooks raked across body
      • Knee Splitter
      • Scavengers Daughter
      • Judas Chair: sit on hot poker
      • Spanish Donkey: weight attached to ankles and sit on sharp edge
      • Choke Pear: put in mouth, opens out
      • Lead Sprinkler: shower of molten metal
    • Ordeal by Water
      • the accused was thrown into the river
      • if they floated they were guilty
    • Ordeal by Fire
      • person to hold hot iron bar and walk 3 paces
      • OR place hand in boiling hot water
      • after 3 days, hand was checked, if the blisters had festered then guilty
    • Ordeal by Combat
      • used only for dispute among nobles

12. CRUSADES

    • Jerusalem was important to Christians and Muslims
    • Muslims controlled Jerusalem but allowed Christians to build temples and live
    • This stopped in 1095 and Pope Urban II calls for Christians to rise up and take back Jerusalem
    • on the way (2 year) to Jerusalem the crusaders ran out of supplies
    • they successfully captured Jerusalem
    • this was not the end though (8more)
    • if you went to Jerusalem to fight you would go to Heaven

13. MAGNA CARTA

    • 1215 King John wants more land so he fights overseas, unsucessful but he keeps trying
    • The pope excommunicates him and bans any religious things in England
    • people cannot worship God so they will go to hell
    • he was not consulting his tentant -in chiefs
    • tentant and chief made King John sign document (magna carta)
    • This document says the king is not above the law and restricts the power of the king
    • early form of constitution or loaw

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