Memory

Memory

1. MSM

   • SM
     • Duration of a few seconds
       • Sperling- grid of numbers, 33% and 75% (with tone)
     • Large capacity
     • Coded Iconic or Echoic
   • STM
     • Duration 18-20sec
       • Peterson & Peterson- 8 trials triagram, count backwards to disrupt MR
     • Capacity 7+-2
       • Jacobs Digit Span- avg. 9.3 (or 7.3 with letters)
     • Coded acoustically
   • LTM
     • Unlimited capacity
     • Lifelong duration
     • Coded semmantically
       • Bahrick photo recognition {within 15 yr 90%, after 48 yr 70%} Free recall {15yr 60%, after 48yr 30%}
   • Evaluation
     • :) First explanation, influential
     • :) Glazner and Cunitz- primacy and recency
     • :( Too Simple

2. Types of LTM

   • Episodic
     • Recall events from own lives
     • Time stamped
     • Single memories- requires conscious effort to recall
   • Semantic
     • Knowledge of the world
     • Less personal, not time stamped
     • Eg. capitals
   • Procedural
     • How to- skills
     • No conscious effort
   • Evaluation
     • Clive Wearing- believes it's his first time waking up (only episodic effected)
     • Tulving- neuroimaging, episodic and semantic from prefrontal cortex
     • Practical app. to help train people with memory loss
     • Two types- declarative (conscious recall) and non-declarative (no conscious recall)

3. WMM

   • Central Executive- decides what we pay attention to, allocates, no capacity
   • Phonological Loop
     • auditory info, acoustic coding
     • Phonological Store- inner hear, holds speech for 1-2 sec
     • Articulatory control process- inner voice, repeats the words to prevent decay
   • Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
     • Stores and manipulates visual info
     • Visual Cache- stores visual eg. shape, colour
     • Inner Scribe- spatial movement, distance and 3D
   • Episodic Buffer
     • Intergrates two units into one
     • Accesses LTM for time and order
   • Evaluation
     • Baddeley- 2 visual tasks and 1 visual/1 verbal task
       • Condition 2 did better as it used 2 different stores
     • Practical app.- ADHD
     • Possibly multiple central executives. CE could reason on tasks but not decide on lunch

4. Forgetting

   • Interference
     • Proactive- Old affects new memory
     • Retroactive- new affects old memory
     • Similarity affects interference
     • :) Thousands of supporting lab studies
     • :( Artificial material- meaningless words, short time in lab