THE SELF

THE SELF

1. 1. The Self

   • Who am I?
     • Cognitive construct
     • Social construct
   • Types
     • Individual
     • Relational
     • Collective

2. 2. Self Recognition

   • Rouge Test Gallup (1970)
     • 18-24 mos
       • Can identify face in mirror Lewis et al. (1979)
     • Sticker placed on head Povinelli et al. (1996)
       • 4 y.o. 75% able to recognise extended self
   • Attachment
     • Securely attached 2 y.o. better able to recognise themselves vs inescure Pipp-Siegal et al. (1995)
       • Improves at 3 y.o.
   • Culture
     • Cameroonian vs Costa Rican vs Greek families Keller et al. (2004)
       • Autonomous/Independence vs Interdependence and Self-recogniser
     • Post-it note Broesch et al. (2011)
       • Freeze
   • 2 mos: limited sense of personal agency

3. 3. Self Development and Cultural Differences

   • Harter's Six Stages
     • Development of self-descriptions
       • Childhood
         • 3-4 years
         • 5-7 years
         • 8-10 years
       • Adolescence
         • Early
         • Mid
         • Late
   • Cultural differences
     • China vs US Wang (2004)
     • Children's drawings Cameroonian vs German Rubeling et al. (2011)
     • NZ story about parents Reese et al. (2017)
       • Identity connections and comparisons

4. 4. Self Esteem

   • Global
     • High self-esteem related to prejudice and antisocial behaviour Menon et al. (2007)
   • Domain Specific
     • Harter Self-Esteem Measure Harter & Pike (1984)
   • Adolescents
     • Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents Harter (1989)
   • Contributors
     • Social context Harter (2006)
     • Peers Brown et al. (2008)
     • Supportive teachers Rhodes & Frederikson (2004)
     • University Salmela-Aro & Nurmi (2007)

5. 5. Relational Self

   • Early understanding of intentions and norms
     • 1 year
     • 18 months
     • 24 months
     • 4 years
       • Theory of Mind
       • False Belief Task
   • Parental influence
     • Frequent family conversations Ruffman et al. (2002)
   • Psychological Trait Labels
     • Preschoolers: physical characteristics Heyman & Gelman (1999)
     • Age 5-7: stable personality Flavell et al. (2002)
     • Age 9-10: stable traits Alvarez et al. (2001)
     • Complexities and contradictions Flavell et al. (2002)