Mindmap

Biodiversity

Lucas Rogers Englisch

Mind map: Biodiversity

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Biodiversity

Environment
- Trees
  - Birds
  - Phylogenic Tree
    - hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
    - Sister groups
    - Evolution
    - Node
    - Monophyletic group
      - Descendants of a common ancestor
      - Paraphyletic Group
        Domain
        Kingdom
        Phylum
        Class
        Order
        Family
        Genus
        Species
    - Shared Derived characters
    - Homologies
      - Shared ancestry
    - Anologies
      - Independent convergently evolved adaptations
- Water
  - Marine Life
    - Fish
    - Algae
    - Ocean
      - Little or no oxygen
- Rocks
  - Coal
  - Limestone
  - Fossils
    - Dinosaurs
    - The Fossil Record
      - Red algae
        150 million years ago
      - Eukaryotic evolution
    - Phylogeny
      - Living organisms
        Protists
        Diverse collection of organisms
        Continue to develop
- Air
  - Oxygen
    - Accumulated in the atmosphere 2.4 billion years ago
  - Carbon
    - Carbon Cycle
  - Nitrogen
- Plants
  - Flowers
  - Fungi
  - Photosynthesis
    - Sunlight
      - Vitamin D
    - Glucose
    - ecosystem
      - Organisms
        Function
        Size
        Shape
        Physical Properties
  - energy
    - Direct
    - Indirect
    - Nutrients
      - macromolecules
      - metabolic reactions
    - generating ATP
  - carbon
- Humans
  - Human Health
    - Medication
  - Fresh water
  - Food
  - Fuel
  - DNA
    - Protein
    - Mutation
      - Recombination
      - Somatic
        Body Tissue
      - Germline
        Gametes
        Generation to Generation
      - Allele
        Allele Frequency
        Occurrences divided by total number of alleles
        Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
        Evolution
        Genetic Drift
        small populations
        Random change
        Drastically affects small populations
        Bottleneck
        Lage population turns into a few individuals
        Founder Event
        Few individuals start new population
        Migration
        movement of alleles between populations
        No Selection
        No Migration
        No Mutation
        No Sampling Error due to small population size
        Random Mating
        Square of the frequency of the allele in the population
      - Deleterious
      - Neutral
      - Advantageous
    - Genetic Variation
      - Environment
      - Natural selection
        Survival
        Adaptation
        Gene flow
        Induced
        "Real time"
        Constituitive
        Long term
        Increases frequency of advantageous mutations
        100% of population has allele
        Positive selection
        Sexual selection
        Works oppositely as natural selection
        Intrasexual selection
        One sex
        Two sexes
        Male
        Sperm
        Semen is a mixture of sperm and fluid from the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands.
        Female
        Fertilization can occur outside or inside the body
        External = Water
        Internal = Land
        Amnion
        fewer offspring, increased parental care, and low mortality
        Developing female gametes, called oocytes
        Decreases the frequency of deleterious mutations
        Negative selection
        Rare and recessive
        Homozygotes for it are formed only infrequently
        Balancing selection
        Heterozygote advantage
        Both alleles remain in the population at intermediate frequencies
        Malaria in Africa
        Ecology
        Ecological niche
        interactions between organisms and their environment
        5 levels
        Organism
        Population
        Community
        Ecosystem
        Biosphere
      - Charles Darwin
        Species are not unchanging
        Evolve
        Why certain things are the way they are today
      - Alfred Russel Wallace
        Developed the theory of evolution
        Worked with Darwin
        On the Origin of Species (1859)
        Medelian Genetics
        Modern Synthesis
        Middle part of the 20th century
      - Balances selection by maintaining alleles
    - Protein Gel Electrophoresis
    - Sequencing
    - Molecular Evolution
      - Change in DNA
    - Cells
      - Prokaryotic
        No nuleus
        Bacteria
        Small
        Lack membrane-ground organelles
        Bacterial genome
        Circular
        Oxygenic photosynthesis
        Uses water as electrons
        Oxygen as by-product
        H2S
        H2
        Fe2+
        Archaea
        Lack a nucleus
        Archaeons
        Extremophiles
        Low pH
        High Salinity
        High Temperatures
        Fermentation
        Partial oxidation
        Haloarchaea
        Extremely salty environments
        Smaller genomes
      - Eukaryotic
        Nucleus
        Organelles
        Nucleus
        Dynamic cytoskeleton
        Change shape, move, and transfer substances
        Energy metabolism into mitochondria and chloroplasts
        Mitochondria
        Most eukaryotic cells have
        Harness Energy
        Chloroplast
        Bigger genomes
        Eukaryotic population
        Sexual Reproduction
        Living organisms
        two haploid gametes
        make a diploid zygote
        meiotic cell division
        Eukaryotic Domain
        Reef-forming coral reefs
        Asexual Reproduction
        Single Parent
        binary fission
        mitotic cell division
        Clones
        Budding
        Fragmentation
        grow rapidly but are genetically uniform clones
        Seven kingdoms
        Excavata
        Rhizaria
        Alveolata
        Amoebozoa
        Organisms that cause human disease
        Archaeplastida
        Stramenopila
        Opisthokonta
        Most diverse
      - Cell membrane
        2 layers of lipids
        Proteins
        Carbohydrates
        Plasma membrane
        Selective barrier
        controls the movement of molecules between the inside and the outside of the cell
  - RNA
    - Amino Acids
- Life
  - 3.5 billion years ago
  - Animals
Reproduction
- BSC
  - No asexual or extinct
  - Emphasizes reproductive isolation
    - studies of speciation
    - barriers before and after egg fertilization
      - pre-zygotic
        differences in mating behavior
        Before
      - Post-zygotic
        genetic incompatibility
        Limit the ability of zygotes to form
        From gametes
        After
Diversity
- Speciation
  - Genetic divergence
  - Different mutations
  - Reproductive barriers
  - Allopatric
    - non-overlapping geographical area
  - Sympatric
    - Same geographic area
    - Disruptive selection
    - Separated populations
  - Co-speciation
    - Parasites
    - Hosts

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Beschreibung: Mindmap am Biodiversity, erstellt von Lucas Rogers am 28/08/2020.
Erstellt von: Lucas Rogers
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Biodiversity

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